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russo para inglês: Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein General field: Ciências Humanas Detailed field: Psicologia
Texto de origem - russo Сергей Леонидович Рубинштейн
(18 июня 1889, Одесса ― 11 ноября 1960, Москва) ― российский психолог и философ, член-корреспондент Академии наук СССР, один из создателей деятельностного подхода в психологии. Основатель кафедры и отделения психологии факультета философии МГУ, а также сектора психологии Академии наук СССР. Автор фундаментальной книги «Основы общей психологии»....
Научная деятельность
Научные исследования Рубинштейна в области психологии получили широкое развитие после его переезда в Ленинград в 1930. Здесь он положил начало крупной научной философско-психологической школы. Область научных интересов ― теория и методология общей психологии, педагогическая психология, философия, логика, психология мышления, история психологии, психология эмоций, темперамента, способностей. Одним из первых отечественных психологов сформулировал принцип единства сознания и деятельности ― центральный в теории деятельностного подхода в психологии (1922). В 30-е годы содержательно обосновал этот принцип, суть которого состоит в том, что человек и его психика формируются и проявляются в деятельности изначально практической, сформулировал программу создания психологии на основе философии марксизма, разработал новые методологические принципы психологической науки, в частности, принцип детерминизма («внешние причины действуют через внутренние условия»), создал концепцию психического как процесса, реализованную в исследовании процессов мышления его учениками (А. В. Брушлинским, К. А. Абульхановой-Славской и др.)....
http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=21778541.
Tradução - inglês Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein
(June 18, 1889, Odessa-Nov. 11, 1960, Moscow) was a leading Russian psychologist and philosopher, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and one of the originators of the activity approach to psychology. He was the founder of the psychology chair and section within the Philosophy Department of Moscow State University (MGU), as well as the of the psychology section of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was the author of the ground-breaking book “Foundations of General Psychology.”...
Scientific Activity
[S.L.] Rubinstein's scientific research in the field of psychology took off after his move to Leningrad in 1930. There he founded a great scientific philosophical-psychological school. Its scientific interests encompassed the theory and methodology of general psychology, pedagogical psychology, philosophy, logic, the psychology of thought, the history of psychology, the psychology of emotion, temperament, and abilities. One of the first Soviet psychologists, he formulated the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity, which is central to his theory of the activity approach to psychology (1922). In the 1930s he fleshed out this principle, which is essentially that man and his psyche are formed by and manifested in activity that is initially practical; he formulated a program for a psychology based on Marxist philosophy; he worked out new methodological principles for psychological science, in particular the principle of determinism ("external causes act through internal conditions"); and he created a conception of the psychological as a process, which is being realized through his students' research into processes of thought (A.V. Brushinsky, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavska, et al.)...
Excerpted from Wikipedia, http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=21778541
alemão para inglês: The future of the euro
Texto de origem - alemão Als der Euro als europäische Gemeinschaftswährung eingeführt wurde, schrieb einer der bedeutendsten europäischen Ökonomen: „Jetzt finden Wirtschaftskrisen nicht mehr in Europa statt. Das ist eine Sache für die Dritte und die Vierte Welt.“ Meine Damen und Herren, wir sind in der Dritten und der Vierten Welt angekommen.....
Als der Euro eingeführt wurde, machten die Hartwährungsländer, mit Deutschland an der Spitze, der sogenannte D-Mark-Block, ihren europäischen Freunden ein generöses Zinsgeschenk. In den Ländern, die ich jetzt kurz „Club-Med-Länder“ nennen werde, weil sie mehrheitlich am Mittelmeer liegen - Portugal, Spanien, Italien, Griechenland, „Ehrenmitglied“ im Club ist Irland - also in diesen Ländern wurden die Zinsen gehälftet bis gedrittelt. Spanien hatte Zinsen von 18%, Italien von 14%. Mit Einführung des Euro gingen sie alle auf deutsches Niveau - damals 6-7% - zurück.
Tradução - inglês When the euro was introduced as Europe's common currency, one of the most eminent European economists wrote, ``Now there will be
no more economic crises in Europe. That is just for the Third and the Fourth World.'' Ladies and gentlemen, we have arrived into the Third and
Fourth World....
When the euro was introduced, the hard-currency countries, with Germany at the top, the so-called D-mark bloc, gave their European friends a generous interest-rate gift.
In the countries that I will call the ``Club Med countries'' for short, since most of them are on the Mediterranean--Spain, Italy, Greece,
and Ireland as an ``honorary
member''--interest rates were reduced to one-half to one-third of their previous levels. Spain had interest rates of 18%, Italy 14%.
With the introduction of the euro, they all went down to the German level, which at that time was 6-7%....
russo para inglês: Bering Tunnel--Gazeta.ru
Texto de origem - russo Берингов тоннель
31 МАРТА, 10:48 // Даниил Айзенштадт
Одобренный еще последним русским царем проект тоннеля между Чукоткой и Аляской обрел вторую жизнь. По информации The Times, российский президент Владимир Путин поднимет вопрос о «реальном мосте» между двумя странами на встрече со своим коллегой Джорджем Бушем. 100-километровый тоннель через Берингов пролив будет стоить более 60 миллиардов долларов США.
Российский президент Владимир Путин поднимет тему строительства тоннеля в разговоре со своим американским коллегой Джорджем Бушем в ближайшее воскресенье. Об этом 30 марта сообщила газета The Times.
По словам источника газеты в Кремле, Путин намерен в Сочи предложить Бушу построить «реальный мост» между двумя странами. В пресс-службе администрации президента «Газете.Ru» подтвердить или опровергнуть информацию британского издания не смогли.
Проект тоннеля, соединяющего Чукотку и проданную США в 1867 году Аляску, был одобрен еще царем Николаем II и премьер-министром Сергеем Витте. Военные и финансовые министерства признали проект технически реализуемым и экономически обоснованным. В советское время проект был фактически забыт, однако в этот период железнодорожное сообщение в России все ближе подбиралось к Аляске, хотя поезда в Анадырь до сих пор не ходят. Однако уже в 60-е годы прошлого века в США был одобрен проект строительства трансконтинентальной мультитранспортной магистрали ICL -World Link....
Tradução - inglês Bering Tunnel
March 31, 10:48//Daniil Eisenstadt
Already approved by the last Russian Tsar, the project of a tunnel between Chukotka and Alaska has taken on a new life. According to The Times, Russian President Vladimir Putin raised the question of "a real bridge" between the two countries, at a meeting with his colleague George Bush. A 100-kilometer tunnel across the Bering Strait will cost more than 60 billion U.S. dollars.
Russian President Vladimir Putin raised the idea of construction of a tunnel, at a discussion with his American colleague George Bush last Sunday. The Times reported this on March 30.
A Kremlin source told the newspaper that Putin intended to propose to Bush the construction of a "real bridge" between the two countries. "Gazeta.Ru" was unable to confirm or deny the British publication's information, with the press service of the Presidential administration.
The project of a tunnel linking Chukotka with Alaska (which was sold to the USA in 1867) was approved by Tsar Nikolai II and Prime Minister Sergei Witte. The War and Finance Ministries considered the project to be technically feasible and economically sound. During Soviet times, the project was more or less forgotten; however, during that period, railroad service in Russia gradually came closer and closer to Alaska, although one still cannot make the trip to Anadir. However, even in the '60s of the last century, the USA approved a project for construction of a transcontinental multi-transport line, the ICL-World Link....
alemão para inglês: Einstein's commemoration of Kepler's 300th birthday
Texto de origem - alemão Frankfurter Zeitung, 9. November 1930
Albert Einstein über Kepler
Aus Anlaß des 300-jährigen Jubiläums.
Gerade in so sorgenschwerer und bewegter Zeit wie der unsrigen, in welcher es schwer ist, Freude zu hegen an den Menschen und der Entwicklung der menschlichen Dinge, ist es besonders tröstlich, eines so großen, stillen Menschen wie Kepler zu gedenken.
Er lebte in einer Zeit, in welcher das Verstehen einer allgemeinen Gesetzlichkeit des Natur-Ablaufes noch keineswegs gesichert war. Wie groß mußte sein Glaube an diese Gesetzlichkeit sein, daß er ihn mit der Kraft zu erfüllen vermochte, der der empirischen Erforschung der Planetenbewegung und der mathematischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten dieser Bewegung Jahrzehnte geduldiger schwerer Arbeit zu opfern, als ein Einsamer, von niemand Gestützter und wenig Verstandener! Wenn wir dies Andenken würdig ehren wollen, so müssen wir uns sein Problem und die Etappen von dessen Lösung möglichst deutlich vor Augen stellen.
Kopernikus hatte den besten Köpfen die Augen hierüber eröffnet, daß ein klares Begreifen der scheinbaren Bewegungen der Planeten am Himmel dadurch am besten zu gewinnen sei, daß man diese Bewegungen als Umlaufbewegungen der Plane- ten um die ruhend gedachte Sonne auffaßte. Wäre die Bewegung eines Planeten eine gleichmäßige Bewegung in einem Kreise um die Sonne als Mittelpunkt, so wäre es verhältnismäßig leicht gewesen, herauszufinden, wie diese Bewegungen von der Erde aus aussehen müssen. Da aber viel kompliziertere Erscheinungen vorlagen, so war die Aufgabe weit schwieriger. Es galt, jene Bewegungen zunächst einmal empirisch aus den Planetenbeobachtungen Tycho Brahes zu ermitteln. Dann erst konnte daran gedacht werden, die allgemeinen Gesetze zu finden, denen diese Bewegungen genügen.
Um zu erfassen, wie schwierig schon die Aufgabe der Ermittlung der faktischen Umlauf-Bewegungen war, muß man sich folgendes klar machen: Man sieht nie, wo sich ein Planet zu einer bestimmten Zeit wirklich befindet, sondern nur in welcher Richtung er von der Erde aus jeweils gesehen wird, welch letztere aber selber eine Bewegung von unbekannter Art um die Sonne beschreibt. Die Schwierigkeit scheinen alle so gut wie unüberwindlich....
Precisely in such a troubled and turbulent time as ours, when it is hard to summon up joy about mankind and the progress of human affairs, it is especially comforting to think of such a great and serene person as Kepler.
He lived at a time when the very conception of universal lawfulness of nature was not at all established. How great must have been his faith in such lawfulness, to have the strength to endure decades of patient, difficult work--supported by no one and understood by few--in the empirical investigation of planetary movement and its lawful mathematical expression! If we want to commemorate him appropriately, we have to look as closely as possible at his problem and the stages of its solution.
Copernicus had opened the eyes of the best thinkers to the idea that the apparent motions of the planets could most clearly be understood as orbits around the Sun, which itself is conceived as stationary. If a planet simply moved in a circle with the Sun at the center, it would have been conceptually simple to discover how such motions would look from the Earth. But much more complex phenomena were involved, so the task was far more difficult. So to begin with, these motions had to be investigated empirically, using Tycho Brahe's observations of the planets. Only then could one think, for the first time, of discovering the universal laws that govern these motions....
To imagine how difficult it was even to determine the actual orbital motions, consider the following: One never sees where a planet is actually located, but only in what direction it is visible at any given time from the Earth, which, however, is itself moving in an unknown way around the Sun. The difficulties seem all but insurmountable.
alemão para inglês: American Roots of Germany's Industrial Revolution, Part II
Texto de origem - alemão II.
Bismarcks Reformen waren eindeutig durch die protektionistische Politik in Amerika angeregt. Die Schlüsselfigur in Deutschland hierbei war Wilhelm von Kardorff, Mitglied des deutschen Reichstags, der enge Beziehungen zu Gerson von Bleichröder, dem Wirtschaftsberater und Privatbankier Bismarcks, pflegte. Kardorff war Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Vereinigten Königs- und Laurahütte AG, war an der Gründung der Posen-Kreuzburger Eisenbahn beteiligt und schuf zusammen mit von Bleichröder die preußische Hypothekenbank.
Das alles entwickelte sich folgendermaßen: Im ersten Jahrzehnt seiner Amtszeit war Bismarck auf die Unterstützung der national-liberalen Partei angewiesen, die rückhaltlos für den Freihandel war. Er hatte nach der Einheit Deutschlands 1871 die französischen Reparationszahlungen in die industrielle Entwicklung investiert und ein Reichseisenbahnbüro eingerichtet, weil er die Eisenbahn so schnell wie möglich nationalisieren wollte - was er dann auch getan hat.
Aufgrund der Freihandelspolitik kam es 1873 zum sogenannten Gründerkrach, woraufhin Kardorff und seine Kreise den Wechsel zum Protektionismus durchsetzten.
Damals starb auch der sehr negative, ultrakonservative Papst Pius IX., gegen den Bismarcks Kulturkampf gerichtet war. Diese Ultramontankreise hatten die Zentrumspartei gegen Bismarck aufgehetzt, die ihm ihre Treue und Gefolgschaft verweigerte. In dem Augenblick, in dem Leo XIII. Papst wurde, hörte der Zwist auf, sodaß sich für Bismarck die Möglichkeit einer neuen Koalition ergab. Außerdem unterstützten Industrievertreter aus dem Rheinland und Bayern die Politik des Protektionismus.
Um noch einmal die Umstände zu verdeutlichen: Billige Getreideimporte aus Rußland waren beispielsweise ein großes Problem für die Junker östlich der Elbe. In dieser Situation ließ Bismarck von Kardorff freie Hand, um eine protektionistische Politik umzusetzen. 1876 gründete Kardorff den Zentralverband der Deutschen Industrie - also das, was heute der DIHT oder der BDI wäre - und wurde sein erster Präsident. Nach intensiven Verhandlungen mit ihm beschloß Bismarck den Kurswechsel zum Protektionismus. 1875 hatte Bismarck bereits einen Goldstandard für die Währung des gesamten Reiches erklärt und die Reichsbank als zentrale Institution für die Finanzen und das Drucken von Geldnoten etabliert. Im ganzen Land breitete sich immer mehr eine Stimmung für Protektionismus aus....
Tradução - inglês II.
Bismarck's reforms were clearly stimulated by the protectionist policies in America. The key figure in Germany in this respect was Wilhelm von Kardorff, a member of the German
Reichstag who was close to Gerson von
Bleichroeder, Bismarck's economic advisor and private banker. Kardorff was the chairman of the board of Vereinigten Koenigs- und Laurahuette AG, participated in the founding
of the Posen-Kreuzburg Railroad, and founded, along with von Bleichroeder, the Prussian Hypothekenbank [mortgage bank].
Here is how all this came about: In the first decade of his term in office (1871-90), Bismarck relied on the support of the National Liberal Party, which was wholeheartedly in favor of free trade. After the unification of
Germany in 1871, he invested French reparations payments in industrial development, and established a Reich Railroad Bureau, since he wanted to nationalize the railroad as quickly
as possible--which he then proceeded to do.
As a result of free-trade policies, the so-called ``Gruenderkrach'' [a large stock market crash] occurred, allowing Kardorff and his circle to push through a change toward protectionism.
Also, at that time, Pope Pius IV died--he had been very negative, ultraconservative, and Bismarck's {Kulturkampf} had been directed
against him. The ultramontane circles had instigated the Catholic Center Party against Bismarck, denying him the party's loyalty and allegiance.
The moment that Leo XIII became Pope, the dispute ended, allowing Bismarck to put together a new coalition. Furthermore, industrialists from the Rhineland and Bavaria
supported the protectionist policy.
The circumstances were such, that cheap grain imports from Russia, for example, were creating a major problem for the Junkers east of the Elbe River. So Bismarck gave von
Kardorff a free hand to put a protectionist policy in place. In 1876, Kardorff founded the Confederation of German Industry and became its
first president. After intensive discussions with him, Bismarck decided to shift toward protectionism. In 1875, Bismarck announced a
gold standard for the currency of the entire Reich, and established the Reichsbank as the central institution for finances and printing of currency. Support for protectionism spread
throughout the country....
I am a native speaker of American English, a freelance translator (since 2008) and editor (since 1983).
I have a BA in Russian and Psychology.
In my translation work, I have concentrated on psychology (http://ssw-translation.com/Psychology_experience.shtml), economics and business, politics and government, and marketing. I do not do highly technical scientific and other technical translations, although I can handle scientific and technical documents aimed at the layman.
I am a top-notch editor and writer (since 1983), who also has a very good knowledge of German and Russian. I have often worked as an editor of translations by others. Many people who are bilingual or nearly so do not have excellent writing skills in English, so often that's where I come in.
I have long experience in editing English-language articles written by non-native speakers of English, and this is an important feature of my freelance business.
I adhere scrupulously to deadlines, as per my many years as an editor.
My preferred CAT tool is OmegaT. I also have Across and SDL Studio 2014. I do not give so-called "Trados discounts" except for 100% matches.
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