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English to Chinese - Rates: 0.05 - 0.11 USD per word Chinese to English - Rates: 0.05 - 0.11 USD per character Japanese to Chinese - Rates: 0.05 - 0.11 USD per character Japanese to English - Rates: 0.05 - 0.11 USD per character
Welcome you to become our company’s customer. In order for you to better enjoy the service provided by this product, you should first read this manual carefully before using and you should keep this manual properly. This machine is one of the auxiliary products for ironing equipments produced by our company. It is an ideal steam source equipment which is indispensable in industries like garment processing and dyeing service and it is the best tool for improving ironing quality.
1. Technical Parameters
3. Operational Steps
5. Water Supply Requirements for the Boiler
2. Performance Characteristics:
6. Common Problems and Failure Elimination 1. This machine is with double protecting devices including safety valve and automatic pressure controller to ensure product safety and reliability. Automatic pressure controller: when pressure
7. Circuit Diagram
reaches the set value (0.4 Mpa), heating is stopped by disconnecting the electrothermal tube automatically, and when pressure is lower than the set value (0.3Mpa), reheating is done automatically, thereby certain control pressure is kept in the boiler.
2. Besides the hydrograph installed on the boiler, there is also a water insufficiency alarm system which will automatically disconnect the heating device to remind you to cut off the power, release the vapor and add water. 3. It is made from high-quality steel plate and annealed by medium frequency. Pressure-proof test and X-ray fault detection were done to ensure its reliability.
3. Operational Steps
1. Connect the power cord to the AC220V bipolar air switch (above 20A), and properly connect the grounding line. 2. Open the water inlet valve and the steam exhaust valve, pour clean water (soft water) into the boiler up to the highest water mark, then close the water inlet valve and the steam exhaust valve. 3. Connect the steam outlet valve to the iron’s steam inlet by special iron hose. 4. About 50 minutes after the power is connected the pressure will reach 0.4Mpa, open the steam outlet valve.
This machine can deliver the steam with set pressure to the iron for continuous operation;
4. Notes:
1. In order to ensure the safety of users, the ground zero line must be properly connected before using this boiler.
2. It is not allowed to use other safety valves with greater value.
3. It can generally be used for three hours if the water is filled sufficiently at a time. If the steam consumption is large, you should note the water level changes, and replenish the water in a timely manner;
4. You should shut it down timely when the water alarm system rings, and you must turn off the power suppler if you want to add water. You may not add water before the steam is exhausted and the pressure becomes zero;
5. If you want to remove dirt in the boiler such as scale, you may open the sewage valve when the pressure in the boiler is lower than 0.1Mpa, discharge the scale and other dirt along with the water vapor (you should avoid the drainage port);
6. In order to extend the useful life of the boiler, soft water should be used, you should prevent the electrothermal tube from burning due to scale formation, and periodical sewage drainage should be done (once for every 7 to 10 days) ;
7. When the voltage is too low (lower than 180V), the suction of the AC contactor will be decreased, and when there is an intermittent abnormal sound you should shut it down immediately to avoid the damage. Start the machine when the voltage becomes normal;
8. In thermal state, the insulation resistance of the electrified body and the shell should be greater than 2ΜΩ;
9. The pressure controller and safety valve are key components for security, which should be taken to local quality supervision departments for test and correction so as to ensure safety and reliability;
10. You should often check the connection positions of the water pipe and steam pipe and eliminate water and steam leakage failures in a timely fashion once you find them;
11. You should clean the water inlet solenoid valve filter every month, the specific demolition methods are shown as follows:
5. Water Supply Requirements: GB1576-2001 Water Quality for Industrial
Boiler
Item Water supply Boiler water
Item Water
suppl y Boiler water
Suspended solids mg/L
≤5
- PH（2 5℃）
≥7
10-12
Total hardness
mmol/L ≤0.03
- Dissolved oxygen
mg/L ≤0.1
-
Total alkalinity mmol/L
6-26
Oil content mg/L
≤2
-
6. Common Problems and Failure Elimination
Product Name：
Model (figure) No.：
Technical
Specification：
Factory Serial No.：
Certification
This product is qualified to leave factory upon examination.
Examiner:
Date：
图片中的文字 WORDS in the figure
32A空气开关（用户自备） 32A air switch (user owned)
开关 switch
电磁阀 solenoid
指示灯 indicator lamp
交流接触器 AC contactor
液位探测控制器 water level detention controller
压力控制器 pressure controller
小型继电器 small relay
温控开关 temperature control switch
水泵 water pump
3.2KW 电热管 electrothermal tube
加热 heating
English to Chinese: Settlement Agreement For Beijing Line 4 General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Business/Commerce (general)
Source text - English Settlement Agreement
For Beijing Line 4
This Agreement is made as of _April 7_, 2009 by and between:
Thales Rail Signalling Solutions Inc., a company incorporated and existing under the laws of Canada and having its registered office and principal place of business at 1235 Ormont Drive, Toronto, Ontario M9L 2W6 Canada, represented by its Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Bruno Cohades,
AND
China Railway Communication and Signal Shanghai Engineering Company, a company incorporated and existing under the laws of China and having its registered office and principle place of business at _______________represented by its Chief Executive Officer / or General Manager / or President, Mr._____________________.
Each of the foregoing is referred to individually as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties”.
WHEREAS the Alcatel- Huatie consortium (the “Consortium”) consisting of Alcatel Shanghai Bell Co., Ltd, Thales Rail Signalling Solutions Inc. (“TRSSI”), Beijing Hua Tie Information and Technology Development Co., Ltd (“HT”), and China Railway Communication and Signal Shanghai Engineering Company (“CRSC”) entered into supply contract No. BJ402 (the “Main Contract”) on July 13, 2006, with Beijing MTR Corporation Limited (the “Buyer”), Beijing Rail Transit Construction and Management Co., Ltd (the “Buyer’s Representative”), and Guoxin Tendering Co., Ltd (“Import Agent”) for the supply of goods and services in relation to the provision of the signaling system for the Beijing Metro Line 4 (the “Project”); and
WHEREAS The Consortium signed Supplementary Agreement III (“SA III”) to the Main Contract with the Buyer, the Buyer’s Representative and the Import Agent on January 30, 2008 to implement the full functions of the signaling system in the Main Contract in two (2) stages; and
WHEREAS CRSC has claimed against TRSSI for additional cost incurred due to solution change and phased delivery approach of the Project as specified in SA III; and
WHEREAS the Parties wish to enter into this Agreement to specify the settlement between themselves.
NOW, THEREFORE, THE PARITES HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
1. SCOPE OF AGREEMENT
TRSSI has agreed to compensate CRSC for the additional direct cost that CRSC has incurred or will incur on the Project since the beginning of the Project, as a result of the solution change and the phased approach (the “Compensation”).
2. TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE COMPENSATION
The total amount of the Compensation is RMB3,140,611 (RMB Three Million One Hundred and Forty Thousand Six Hundred and Eleven Yuan) (details as in Annex 1).
3. PAYMENT
TRSSI shall pay CRSC’s substantiated invoices within 30 days from the date when TRSSI has received the relevant invoice. Payment shall be in US dollars at the mid rate published by Bank of China at the time of payment.
4. FINAL SETTLEMENT
Both Parties agree that this Agreement is in full and final settlement between the Parties for all additional costs for equipment and services incurred or to be incurred by CRSC as a result of the solution change and phased approach in connection with the Project.
5. APPLICALBE LAW, DISPUTE RESOLUTION
This Agreement shall be construed and enforced in accordance with the substantive laws of the Peoples’ Republic of China.
With respect to any dispute, controversy or claim arising out or in connection with the Agreement which cannot be resolved amicably, the Parties agree to submit the matter to settlement proceedings under the International Chamber of Commerce ADR Rules. If the dispute, controversy or claim has not been settled within a period of two (2) months following the filing of a request for ADR pursuant to the said Rules, such dispute, controversy or claim shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules. Any Party to this Agreement shall have the right to have recourse to and shall be bound by the pre-arbitral referee procedure of the International Chamber of Commerce in accordance with its Rules. The arbitration shall take place in Hong Kong and shall be conducted in the English language.
6. COMING INTO FORCE
This Agreement shall come into effect upon signatures of both Parties and as of the date first written above.
For and on behalf of:
Thales Rail Signalling Solutions Inc.
Signature: __________________________
Name: Bruno Cohades
Title: President and CEO
For and on behalf of:
China Railway Communication and Signal Shanghai Engineering Company
English to Chinese: METEOROLOGICAL SITE CONDITIONS FOR TURBINES AT THE OPERATING SHANGYI WIND FARM General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - English
METEOROLOGICAL SITE CONDITIONS FOR
TURBINES AT THE OPERATING SHANGYI
WIND FARM
尚义风电场风机现场气象条件
分析报告
Client: Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
委托人：德劳工业服务（上海）有限公司
Contact: Mr. Chun Wan
联系人：Chun Wan 先生
Document No: 106020/CR/01
文件号：106020/CR/01
Issue: B
发行号：B
Status: Final
状态：最终版
Classification: Client’s Discretion
保密级别：由委托人自行决定
Date: 05 August 2011
日期：2011年8月5日
Author: B Nguyen
编制人： B Nguyen
Checked by: C Houston
审核人： C Houston
Approved by:R Whiting
批准人： R Whiting
Garrad Hassan (Beijing) Technology and Service Corp. Ltd.
Room 2608, Fosun International Center, No.237 Chaoyang North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020,P.R.China
加勒德哈森（北京）技术服务有限公司
地址：北京市朝阳区朝阳北路237号复星国际中心2608室，邮编：100020
IMPORTANT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
使用须知与免责声明
1. This report (“Report”) is prepared and issued by Garrad Hassan (Beijing) Technology and Service Corp. Ltd. (“GH” or “Garrad Hassan”) for the sole use of the client named on its title page (the “Client”) on whose instructions it has been prepared, and who has entered into a written agreement directly with Garrad Hassan. Garrad Hassan’s liability to the Client is set out in that agreement. Garrad Hassan shall have no liability to third parties (being persons other than the Client) in connection with this Report or for any use whatsoever by third parties of this Report unless the subject of a written agreement between Garrad Hassan and such third party. The Report may only be reproduced and circulated in accordance with the Document Classification and associated conditions stipulated or referred to in this Report and/or in Garrad Hassan’s written agreement with the Client. No part of this Report may be disclosed in any public offering memorandum, prospectus or stock exchange listing, circular or announcement without the express written consent of Garrad Hassan. A Document Classification permitting the Client to redistribute this Report shall not thereby imply that Garrad Hassan has any liability to any recipient other than the Client.
1本报告（以下简称：“报告”）由加勒德哈森（北京）技术服务有限公司（以下简称：“GH”或“加勒德哈森”）编制发行，仅限扉页所示委托人使用（以下简称：“委托人”）。委托人指示加勒德哈森编制本报告，并直接与加勒德哈森签订了书面协议，其中规定了加勒德哈森应对委托人承担的义务。除非加勒德哈森与相关的第三方签订了书面协议，否则与本协议相关的任何第三方（即：除委托人之外的其他人）以及第三方对本报告的任何利用，加勒德哈森概不负责。报告仅可按照文件保密级别、以及本报告和/或加勒德哈森与委托人签订的书面协议中规定或提及的相关条件进行复印传阅。未经加勒德哈森明示书面同意，不得将本协议的任何部分，在任何公开发行的备忘录、招股说明书或上市说明书、通知或公告中公开。若文件保密级别允许委托人再次分发本报告，则不得籍此暗示加勒德哈森应对除委托人之外的任何接收人承担任何责任。
2. This report has been produced from information relating to dates and periods referred to in this report. The report does not imply that any information is not subject to change.
2本报告根据与文中所提及的日期和时期相关的信息编制。本报告并未暗示不得变更任何信息。
3. GH has not conducted wind measurements itself and cannot, therefore, be responsible for the accuracy of the data supplied to it.
3 GH并未亲自测风，因此，GH对所获得数据的准确性不承担任何责任。
4. This document has been prepared pursuant to the GLIS (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. proposal “Blades Damage Analysis for Shangyi Wind Farm in China” signed on 26 January 2011, and is subject to the terms and conditions contained therein.
4本文件根据GLIS（上海）有限公司于2011年1月26日签署的《“中国尚义风电场叶片损坏程度分析”建议书》编制，并应以其中所含的条款和条件为准。
KEY TO DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION
文件保密级别说明
Strictly Confidential: For disclosure only to named individuals within the Client’s organisation.
绝密： 仅向委托人组织内部的指定人员公开。
Private and Confidential: For disclosure only to individuals directly concerned with the subject matter of the Report within the Client’s organisation.
机密： 仅向委托人组织内部与报告主题直接相关的人员公开。
Commercial in Confidence: Not to be disclosed outside the Client’s organisation
商业机密：不得向委托人组织外部公开。
GH only: Not to be disclosed to non GH staff
仅限GH：不得向GH员工之外的人员公开。
Client’s Discretion: Distribution for information only at the discretion of the Client (subject to the above Important Notice and Disclaimer).
委托人自行决定：信息的发布由委托人自行决定（但必须遵守上文“使用须知与免责声明”）。
Published: Available for information only to the general public (subject to the above Important Notice and Disclaimer).
公开：仅限可为公众所用的信息（但必须遵守上文“使用须知与免责声明”）。
05.08.11 Original issue (electronic version only)
原始发行（仅电子版）
Update including corrections to Mast 2 measurements due to the wake effect of surrounding operating turbines (electronic version only)
更新内容包括因周围运行风机的伴流影响而对2#测风塔测量数据进行的修改（仅电子版）
目录
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言 1
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
2. 现场和监测设备介绍 2
2.1 The site
2.1 现场 2
2.2 Monitoring equipment
2.2 监测设备 2
3. SELECTION OF REFERENCE DATA
3. 参考数据的筛选 5
4. WIND DATA
4. 风况数据 6
4.1 Wind data recorded at the site
4.1 现场记录的风况数据 6
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIND FARM
5. 风电场介绍 8
5.1The wind turbine
5.1 风机 8
5.2 Wind farm layout
5.2 风电场的布局 8
6. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
6. 分析方法及分析结果 9
6.1 Wind Analysis
6.1 风况分析 9
6.2 Wind speed variation across the site
6.2 整个风电场的风速差异 9
6.3 Turbulence intensity at the site
6.3 现场紊流强度 13
6.4 Wind speed boundary layer profile at the turbine locations
6.4 风机安装点的风速边界层廓线 15
6.5 Extreme wind speed at the site
6.5 现场极端风速 15
6.6 Flow inclination angle at the site masts and the turbines locations
6.6 现场测风塔和风机安装点的气流倾角 15
6.7 Site air density
6.7 现场空气密度 16
6.8 Site temperature
6.8 现场气温 17
6.9 Results based only on data provided to JA
6.9 仅根据提供给JA的数据所获得的结果 18
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
7. 总结与结论 21
8. REFERENCES
8. 参考文献 22
9. LIST OF TABLES
9. 表格目录 23
10. LIST OF FIGURES
10. 图表目录 25
APPENDIX 1 Frandsen methodology
附件1 Frandsen方法
APPENDIX 2 Supporting information on wind turbine certification
附件2 风机认证辅助资料
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言
LongYuan Zhang Jia Kou Wind Power Co. ltd. (“Longyuan”), Jiangsu CASC Energine Wind Tubine Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“JA”), LM Wind Power Co. ltd.(“LM”), have jointly contracted Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. (“GLIS SH” or “the Client) to undertake an investigation into blade damage at the Shanyi Wind Farm. As part of this investigation, GLIS SH has instructed Garrad Hassan (Beijing) Technology and Service Corp. Ltd. (“GH”) to carry out an independent analysis of the meteorological and environmental conditions for the 33 Acciona AW-77 turbines at the operating ShangYi Wind Farm in Shangyi county, Hebei Province, northern China. The results of the work are reported here.
龙源（张家口）风力发电有限公司（以下简称：“龙源”）、江苏航天万源风电设备制造有限公司（以下简称：“JA”）以及艾尔姆风能叶片制品有限公司（以下简称“LM”）联合与德劳工业服务（上海）有限公司（以下简称：“GLIS SH”或“委托人”）签订合同，共同承担尚义风电场风机叶片损坏的调查工作。作为本次调查的组成部分，GLIS SH已委托加勒德哈森（北京）技术服务有限公司对华北地区河北省尚义县尚义风电场投入运营的33台安迅能AW-77风机，进行独立的气象与环境条件分析。本文就是分析结果报告。
A description of the long-term wind climate and meteorological conditions at a potential wind farm is best determined using wind data recorded at the site. Longyuan has supplied 2 separate one-year datasets recorded at the ShangYi site since December 2005 to GH from two meteorological masts up to a height of 65 m [1, 2].
描述某一潜在风电场的长期风气候和气象条件时，最好是利用现场记录的风况数据进行测定。从2005年12月份开始，龙源对尚义风电场两座高度达到65m的气象测风塔[1，2]的测量结果进行了记录，并已将2份独立的一年期数据集交于GH。
When only a short period of site data are available, it is usual to combine the site measurements with long-term measurements from a local meteorological station. In China it is rare to find reliable sources of long-term reference data and at present, no suitable source of long-term reference wind data has been identified. As a result of this, the analysis of the long-term wind regime relies on data recorded at the site from December 2005 to January 2007 and from January 2008 to January 2009. There is an elevated uncertainty in assuming these two periods to be representative of the long-term.
当只有短期的现场数据时，通常是将现场的测量数据与当地气象站的长期测量数据进行比较。但在中国，很难找到可靠的长期参考数据源，而且，目前也还没有找到符合要求的长期参考风况数据源。因此，长期风况分析将依赖于从2005年12月至2007年1月以及从2008年1月至2009年1月这两年内的现场记录数据。若假设这两个时期的记录数据可以代表长期的气象条件，那么不确定性就增加了。
Based on the requirements outlined by the Client, the objectives of the work presented in this report are as follows:
根据委托人提出的要求，本报告中所述的工作目标如下：
Predict the long-term hub height mean wind speed direction frequency distributions at the mast and turbine locations.
预测测风塔和风机安装点在轮毂高度的平均风速和风向频率长期分布；
Analyse the turbulence data recorded at the site mast and predict the appropriate levels of ambient and wake-affected turbulence intensity for each turbine location according to the Frandsen methodology described in [3] and Appendix 1;
分析现场测风塔记录的紊流数据，并利用[3]和附件1中所述的Frandsen方法，预测每一个风机安装点的环境紊流强度及受尾流影响的紊流强度的合理水平；
Summarize the maximum wind speeds measured at the ShangYi site masts;
总结尚义风电场测风塔上测得的最大风速；
Predicted wind speed boundary layer profile at Mast 1 and each turbine location, and present the associated measured wind shear exponent as a directional frequency distribution;
预测1#测风塔和每个风机安装点的风速边界层廓线，并说明相关的实测风切变指数，作为风向频率分布；
Provide a prediction of the maximum flow inclination angle at each turbine location;
预测每一个风机安装点的最大气流倾角；
Provide a prediction of the site air density;
预测现场的气流密度；
Summarise the maximum and minimum temperature recorded at the site.
总结现场记录的最高气温和最低气温；
Provide a comparison with results based only on the data supplied to JA for their analysis.
对仅根据提供给JA的数据所获得的分析结果进行比较。
The soil conditions, seismic conditions and electrical grid network have not been considered in this report.
本报告未考虑土壤状况、地震状况以及电网网络等因素。
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
2. 现场和监测设备介绍
2.1 The site
2.1 现场
The ShangYi site is located approximately 35 km southwest of the town of Zhangbei, in northern Hebei province, as shown in Figure 2.1. The ShangYi Wind Farm is an operating wind farm consisting of 33 Acciona AW 1500-77 turbines which are the subject of this study and 17 United Power UP 77 turbines which are considered in terms of their impact on the Acciona AW-77 turbines. The Acciona wind turbines at this wind farm have suffered a number of blade failures and therefore the Client has requested that GH analyse the meteorological conditions at the site and turbine locations as part of an investigation into the causes of the blade problems.
尚义风电场位于冀北地区张北县西南大约35千米处（见图2.1），是一座已投入运营的风电场，安装有33台安迅能AW 1500-77风机和17台联合动力UP-77风机，其中前者是本报告的研究对象，而本报告亦考虑了后者对安迅能AW 1500-77风机的影响。尚义风电场的安迅能风机出现过数次叶片故障情况，因此，在调查叶片出现故障的原因时，委托人请求GH对现场和风机安装点的气象条件进行分析。
The operating ShangYi Wind Farm lies on a broad ridge of elevation between 1700 m and 1800 m aligned approximately in an east-west direction as shown in Figure 2.2. The centre of the site is occupied by a relatively flat plateau while the sides of the ridges, particularly to the south are characterised by steep slopes. The general terrain at the site can be described as complex with areas of slopes exceeding 17 degrees present along a number of the ridge edges. The ground cover at the site comprises largely of grass land interspersed with farmland. Areas of low lying settlements, some scattered bushes and sparse, low level forestry were also observed at the site.
尚义风电场位于一条接近于东西走向、海拔介于1700米和1800米的开阔山脊上（见图2.2）。风电场的中心区域是一块相对平坦的台地，而山脊的两侧，尤其是南侧则具有明显的陡坡特征。风电场的总体地形比较复杂，很多17度以上的斜坡区沿若干山脊边缘分布。现场的地表覆盖基本为草地，零星分布着一些农田。现场还发现了一些地势低洼的村落、散布的灌木丛以及稀稀拉拉的低级林地。
The surface roughness length of the site and surrounding area was assessed during a site visit made by GH staff in February 2011. Following the Davenport classification [4], the following general figures are considered appropriate:
2011年2月，GH的人员对风电场进行了实地考察，并对现场和周边区域的地面粗糙长度进行了评估。我们完成了Davenport分类[4]后，认为下列综合数据是合理的：
Sparse low forestry 0.3 m
零星分布的矮林地 0.3米
Settlements 0.3 m
村落 0.3米
Site and surrounding areas 0.03 m
现场和周边区域 0.03米
A map showing the site is presented in Figure 2.2, including the locations of the meteorological masts, the 50 existing turbines and the areas of steep slopes. A panoramic view of the site taken from the location of Mast 2 is shown in Figure 2.3.
图2.2是一幅现场地图，其中标出了气象测风塔的位置、现有的50台风机以及陡坡区。图2.3是从2#测风塔位置拍摄的现场全景图。
It is noted that a majority of the Acciona AW 1500-77 turbines as well as a number of the surrounding United Power UP 77 turbines have been operating during the period where measurements have been recorded at Mast 2 and the effect of these turbines has been considered in the analysis of the measured data at Mast 2 as described in detail in Section 3. All data available at Mast 1 was recorded before the commissioning of turbines at the site.
我们注意到，大部分安迅能 AW 1500-77 风机及周围若干联合动力 UP 77 风机在2#测风塔记录测量结果时已处于运行状态，这些风机的运行效果已在第3章的2#测风塔测量数据分析中予以详细说明。1#测风塔的所有可用数据在现场调试风机之前已予以记录。
2.2 Monitoring equipment
2.2 监测设备
2.2.1 Equipment
2.2.1设备
The wind measurement campaign at the ShangYi site commenced at an unspecified date with the installation of the 40 m mast, Mast 1. Data available from this mast begins in December 2005 and continues until January 2007. Subsequently, a second mast, Mast 2, of 65 m height was installed at the site with data supplied for the period January 2008 and January 2009. Both masts are of lattice construction. A view of Mast 2 including the instrument mounting arrangements is shown in Figure 2.4 looking northeast. It is noted that Mast 1 was already dismantled at the time of the site visit by GH staff in February 2011 and therefore it was not possible to verify the quality of the instrument mounting arrangements at this mast. However, the dismantled lattice structure was still present at the site and from this GH was able to broadly check the mounting heights.
1#测风塔高40米，尚义风电场的测风工作随着1#测风塔的安装正式开始，但具体的开始日期不祥。从2005年12月起，1#测风塔开始提供数据，直至2007年1月止。之后，安装了第二座测风塔，即：65米高的2#测风塔，并自2008年1月至2009年1月提供数据。两座测风塔均采用桁架结构。图2.4是2#测风塔的东北向图，图中还显示了仪表安装布置。但需注意的是，2011年2月GH的人员对现场进行实地考察时，1#测风塔已被拆卸。因此，已无法查证1#测风塔的仪表安装布置质量。但是，被拆卸下来的桁架结构现在仍在现场，所以GH可以大体上检查1#测风塔的安装高度。
A summary of the measurements recorded at the site, including the grid co-ordinates of the masts, are presented in Table 2.1.
表2.1总结了现场记录的测量值，包括测风塔的网格坐标。
The wind data have been recorded using NRG Symphonie data loggers. No mast installation reports have been provided, however, the instrument models are assumed to be NRG #40 anemometers and NRG 200 P wind vanes based on the headers from the logger files supplied by Longyuan [1, 2] and are confirmed in the case of Mast 2 after the site visit in February 2011. Both data loggers have been programmed to record, at ten-minute intervals, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum wind speed and direction, temperature and pressure.
风况数据被记录在NRG Symphonie 数据记录器中。龙源并未提供测风塔的安装报告，但根据龙源[1，2]所提供记录文件的标题推测，仪表的型号应为NRG #40风速计和NRG 200 P风向标，2011年2月份的实地考察后，这一点在2#测风塔上得到了证实。两台记录器按照输入的程序以10分钟的间隔，记录平均值、标准差、最大风速和最小风速以及风向、气温和气压等数据。
Maintenance records for the site measurements have not been provided. It is recommended that they are supplied to ensure traceability of the instrumentation.
龙源未提供现场测量的维护记录，我们建议提供这些维护记录以确保测量仪器的可追溯性。
It is noted that the magnetic declination at the site is approximately 6 degrees west. All instrument boom orientations quoted below have therefore been corrected to grid north to account for this.
研究表明，现场的磁偏角大约是偏西6度。因此，下文所引述的全部仪表的吊杆方向都已被纠正到网格北向，以兼顾这一偏角。
Mast 1 was dismantled on February 2011 and no maintenance reports have been supplied by Longyuan therefore information concerning the configurations and instrument mounting arrangements of this mast is very limited. During the site visit, it was possible to perform a check the reported heights of the instruments from observation of the boom claps still in place on the lattice structure lying on the ground. This check suggests that instruments mounted on Mast 1, all of which are assumed to be boom-mounted, include single anemometers mounted at 40 m, 25 m and 10 m and single wind vanes at 22 m and 8.5 m. However, no check of the boom orientations or the positioning of the instruments relative to the mast and boom structures were possible.
1#测风塔于2011年2月份被拆除，而且龙源未提供维护报告，因此，有关1#测风塔的结构和仪器安装布置信息非常有限。在实地考察期间，通过观测地面桁架结构上的吊杆夹，我们检查了仪器的记录高度。检查结果表明：1#测风塔上安装的仪器有：三个单独的风速计，分别安装在40米、25米和10米处，以及两个单独的风向标，分别安装在22米和8.5米处。我们假定这些仪器均采用吊杆安装。但是，无法检查与测风塔和吊杆结构相关的吊杆角度或仪器定位。
Given the lack of detailed information regarding the configuration of Mast 1 , GH must assume that the mounting arrangements at Mast 1 are not consistent with the recommendations of the IEC [5]. Furthermore since GH was unable to inspect the mast or instruments, and despite detailed checks, the possibility that inadequate mounting arrangements may have grossly affected measurements at the site can not be entirely ruled out. There is therefore an elevated uncertainty associated with measurements from this mast.
由于缺少有关1#测风塔结构的详细信息，所以GH必须假设1#测风塔的安装布置与IEC [5]建议的布置不一致。而且，由于GH无法检查测风塔或仪器，所以，尽管进行了详细的检查，仍无法彻底排除安装布置不足对现场测量带来巨大影响的可能性，这就增加了1#测风塔测量的不准确性。
Findings from the site visit by GH staff in February 2011, show that instruments mounted on Mast 2, all of which are boom-mounted, include two anemometers mounted at 65 m, orientated towards 355 degrees and 305 degrees, a single anemometer mounted at 10 m, oriented towards 0 degrees and single wind vanes attached with an extension boom to the vertical pillar of the northern anemometers at 65 m and 10 m, orientated towards 355 degrees and 15 degrees respectively.
从GH员工在2011年2月份进行的实地考察中获得的结果来看，2#测风塔上安装的仪器有：安装于65米处的两个风速计，分别对着355度和305度方向, 一个单独安装于10米处的风速计，面向0度方向，以及两个单独的风向标，分别安装于65米和10米处，面向355度和15度方向，并通过一根延伸吊杆与北向风速计的垂直支柱连接。
The wind vanes at 65 m and 10 m heights are mounted alongside anemometers installed at the same height, positioned approximately 0.25 m horizontally and approximately same elevation as the anemometer cups. It is noted that IEC recommendations [5] state that the vertical distance between anemometers and any neighbouring instrument should be at least 1.5 m. The wind vanes are orientated at approximately 355 degrees and 5 degrees from the 65 m and 10 m anemometers respectively thus having a significant effect on wind from the important northern sectors.
65米和10米处的风向标是沿着安装在同一高度的风速计安装的，水平定位大约为0.25米，与风速计转杯大致处于同一高度。需注意的一点是，IEC建议[5]风速计之间以及风速计与邻近仪器之间的距离至少应为1.5米。风向标的朝向与65米和10米处的风速计形成的角度分别为355度和5度，因此，对至关重要的北部扇形区吹来的风具有重大的影响。
All boom mounted anemometers are mounted on tubular booms approximately 2 mast lattice face widths long and the cups of the anemometers are approximately 15 boom diameters above the booms. GH has estimated the CT of the lattice structure to be 0.28 and therefore the minimum boom length required to be in accordance with IEC recommendations [5] for a maximum wind speed distortion of 0.5 % is approximately 4.0 lattice face widths. The IEC recommendations also state that booms should be of tubular construction, should be orientated 90 degrees to the prevailing wind direction and that the vertical separation between each anemometer and supporting boom should be at least 15 boom diameters.
所有采用吊杆安装的风速计均安装在管状吊杆上，吊杆长度大约相当于测风塔桁架面宽度的2倍，而且风速计转杯位于吊杆上方大约相当于吊杆直径15倍的地方。根据GH的估算，桁架结构的CT为0.28，因而按照IEC的建议[5]，最大0.5%风速畸变所要求的最小吊杆长度应大约为桁架面宽度的4.0倍。同时，IEC还建议吊杆应为管状结构，并应以90度的角度朝向盛行风向，而且每个风速计与支承柱之间的垂直间距应至少为吊杆直径的15倍。
Given the above, in particular the shorter than ideal boom lengths and poor orientation of the booms relative to the prevailing northwesterly winds, GH considers that the mounting arrangements at Mast 2 are not consistent with the recommendations of the IEC [5].
鉴于以上分析，尤其是吊杆长度要短于其理想长度，并且，相对于西北盛行风向而言，吊杆的定位也很差。因此，GH认为2#测风塔的安装布置与IEC的建议[5]不一致。
It is noted that checks carried out on the supplied wind data from Mast 2 suggest that some processing has already been performed prior to delivery to GH. For instance, data are only available to one decimal place, and investigation of directional speed up plots, as shown in Figure 2.5, do not reveal any significant flow distortion, suggesting that some of the wind data may have already been screened and self-synthesised. Additionally, GH would expect to observe some flow distortion effects resulting from the location of the wind vane close the anemometer at 65 m, however no such effect was visible in the supplied data. Due to the limited documentation supplied it has also not been possible to identify exactly which of the two 65 m data channels corresponds to which instrument, therefore adding additional uncertainty. Finally it was noted during the site visit that the anemometers reported to be mounted at 65 m appear in fact to be installed at slightly different heights but no information has been supplied by Longyuan to help determine the exact height of these instruments. Without access to the original raw data and detailed installation report it is difficult for GH to confirm the validity of data from Mast 2 and therefore there is considered to be an elevated uncertainty associated with measurements recorded at Mast 2.
经过检查提供的2#测风塔风况数据，检查结果表明这些数据交于GH之前已经过处理。例如，数据并非全部精确到小数点后一位，而且，定向升速曲线的研究（见图2.5）并未显示出任何明显的气流畸变，这说明有些风况数据已经经过筛选并自行进行合成。此外，GH估计在靠近65米风速计的风向标处，应该能观测到一些气流畸变效应，但从所供数据中并看不出这种效应。由于所提供的文件资料有限，无法准确地确定两个65米数据通道与仪器之间的对应关系，所以这些数据更不准确。最后，在实地考察期间，我们注意到报告中所称的安装于65米处的风速计，与实际的安装高度稍有偏差，但龙源并未提供任何可以帮助我们确定这些仪器的精确高度的信息。没有原始数据和详细的安装报告，GH很难确定2#测风塔数据的有效性，因而我们认为2#测风塔报告的测量值更为不准确。
Given that GH does not have access to the original raw data at Mast 2 is it not considered possible to directionally re-average the wind speed data measured at 65 m in order to reduce the impact of wind flow distortions from the mast lattice structure and from the 65 m wind vane. Without any further information and to mitigate uncertainties, it is considered that the direct averaging of both measurements at 65 m for all directions provides the most reliable estimation of the wind regime at 65 m.
由于GH无法使用2#测风塔的原始数据，因而我们认为无法通过对65米处测得的风速数据重新定向取平均，来减少测风塔桁架结构和65米风向标导致的气流畸变。在没有更多信息并不能进一步改善数据准确性的情况下，我们认为对所有方向在65米处的两种测量值直接取平均，可以最可靠地估计65米处的风况。
GH takes no responsibility for any data processing which was performed on the supplied data at Mast 2 prior to receipt of the data.
GH对收到2#测风塔数据之前的任何数据处理不承担任何责任。
2.2.4 Calibrations
2.2.4校准
From the data supplied to GH it is not known if anemometers at either of the two site masts have been individually calibrated or not. An investigation of the calibration of 472 NRG # 40 anemometers has been reported in [6], the results of which include the following proposed consensus transfer function for this model of anemometer:
从提供给GH的数据来看，我们无法得知现场两座测风塔上的风速计是否已分别进行过校准。我们在[6]中记录了对472 NGR # 40风速计的校准研究，研究结果包括了这种风速计的如下统一的传递函数：
Recorded wind speed [m/s] = 0.765 x Data frequency [Hz] + 0.35 m/s
记录风速[m/s]＝0.765×数据频率[Hz]+0.35m/s
Inspection of the headers on the data recorded at Mast 1 indicates that this consensus calibration has been applied by the data logger. Therefore, no adjustments have been made to the recorded wind speeds at Mast 1 by GH.
我们对1#测风塔记录数据的标题进行了检查，检查结果表明：数据记录器已对风速数据进行了统一校准。因此，GH对1#测风塔记录的风速未做调整。
Inspection of the headers on the data recorded at Mast 2 indicates that individual calibrations have been applied by the data logger. The anemometers on Mast 2 may have been calibrated, however GH was not supplied with the calibration certificates and so has retrospectively applied the consensus calibration to these wind speed data.
我们对2#测风塔记录数据的标题进行了检查，检查结果表明：数据记录器对风速数据进行了单独校准。2#测风塔上的风速计可能已经过校准，但GH并未收到校准证明书，因此，GH对这些风速数据进行了回顾性的统一校准。
A summary of the adjustments made to wind speed data recorded at the site masts during the measurement campaign is given in Table 2.2.
表2.2总结了测量期间对现场测风塔所记录数据的一些调整。
3. SELECTION OF REFERENCE DATA
3. 参考数据的筛选
In the assessment of the wind regime and meteorological site conditions at a potential wind project site, it is desirable to correlate data recorded at the site with data recorded at a nearby long-term reference meteorological station. This allows the estimate of the long-term wind regime at the site to be representative of a longer historical period. When selecting an appropriate meteorological station for this purpose it is important that it should have good exposure and that data are consistent over the measurement period being considered.
评估某一潜在风电项目场址的风况和现场气象条件时，可取的做法是将现场记录的数据与附近气象站记录的长期参考数据联系起来进行评估。这样，就可以对估计现场的长期风况，并将估计结果作为更长一段历史时期内的代表性风况。为了比较数据，必须选择合适的气象站。选择时，有两点很重要：第一，气象站应具有良好的朝向，第二，测量期内的数据是连续的。
GH has sourced freely available daily mean and maximum wind speed data from the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Stations from the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database for the period from January 1994 to October 2009.
GH从美国国家海洋与气象管理局（NOAA）的数据库中，免费获得了张家口气象站自1994年1月至2009年10月的日平均风速数据和最大风速数据。
NOAA provides daily data for over 8,000 stations from over 180 countries worldwide. The data available online starts from 1994 until present (subject to availability of station data) and is updated on a weekly basis. The internal quality checking performed on the NOAA data cannot be verified and may result in data that is not 100 % accurate. The accuracy of NOAA data is, however, considered to be sufficient for comparison purposes or use in early feasibility studies where no alternative data is available. It is noted that no wind direction data is provided in the NOAA data set.
NOAA每天为全球180多个国家的8000多个气象站提供数据。从1994年开始一直到现在，NOAA的数据都可以在线获取（但受限于气象站数据的可用性），并且每周更新。我们无法核实对NOAA数据进行的内部质量检查，所以，数据可能不是100%的精确。但是，若无可用的替代数据，那么我们认为使用NOAA的数据，足以完成比较或用于早期的可行性研究。需注意的是NOAA的数据集中没有风向数据。
The Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station is located approximately 50 km southeast of the Shangyi Project site. GH was unable to inspect the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station during the site visit and no further information regarding this station and its history has been obtained. GH is therefore unable to verify the consistent operation of the station and thus the use of this station in any analysis is limited and requires careful consideration. A check on the data consistency using a rolling average of annual wind speeds for the 16 year period shows a step change from June 2003 onwards which is likely due to the data recording methodology at the station changing from manual to automatic. Following this change there are no clear inconsistencies observed in the annual averages which shows reasonable fluctuation and therefore the station has been used to compare the windiness of the two separate measurement periods at Mast 1 and Mast 2.
张家口气象站位于尚义风电项目场址东南大约50千米处。实地考察期间，GH未能检查张家口气象站，所以未获得更多关于该气象站及其历史的资料。GH因而无法核实该气象站是否连续运行，所以在任何分析中均限制使用该气象站的数据。即使使用，也要求使用者谨慎考虑。我们采用年移动平均风速对过去16年中的数据一致性进行了查对，结果发现，从2003年六月开始，数据出现了明显的飞跃性变化，这可能是由于该气象站的数据记录方法由手动更为自动的缘故。出现此次变化之后，年平均值再未出现明显的不一致之处，而是呈现出合理的波动状态。所以，我们使用该气象站，比较1#测风塔和2#测风塔在两个单独的测量期内的风力情况。
It is also noted that the daily wind speed data available at NOAA stations do not provide sufficient measurement resolution to reliably predict extreme wind speed and therefore even an indicative extreme wind speed analysis has not been possible. It is therefore recommended that 10-minute averaged or hourly wind speed and direction data from the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station are supplied from June 2003 onwards to allow an extreme wind speed analysis to be performed.
还需要注意的是NOAA气象站每天的风速数据并未提供充分的测量解析，以可靠地预测极端风速。所以，即使是指示性的极端风速分析也无法实现。因此，我们建议提供张家口气象站自2003年六月至今每10分钟或每小时的平均风速和风向数据，以便进行极端风速分析。
A summary of the measurements considered from this station is provided in Table 2.2, and its location relative to the site is shown in Figure 2.1.
表2.2总结了该气象站被采用的测量数据，而图2.1显示了该气象站与风电场的相对位置。
4. WIND DATA
4. 风况数据
The data sets which have been used in the analysis described in the following sections are summarized in Table 2.1.
表2.1总结了下文分析章节中使用的数据集。
4.1 Wind data recorded at the site
4.1 现场记录的风况数据
Mast 1:
1#测风塔：
The wind data have been subject to a quality checking procedure by GH to identify records which were affected by equipment malfunction and other anomalies. The check of Mast 1 data revealed 53 hours and 78 hours where wind speed and direction data respectively were missing or suspect at the primary instruments. These records were excluded from the analysis. The main periods for which valid wind data were not available are summarised below, together with details of the errors identified:
风况数据均必须采用GH的质量检查程序检查质量，以找到受设备故障或其它异常情况影响的数据记录。1#测风塔的数据质量检查显示：风速数据和风向数据在原始仪器中出现丢失或可疑状态的时间分别为53小时和78小时。我们的分析不包括这些记录。有效的风况数据不可用的几大时期，以及识别出的错误细节总结如下：
8 Sep 2006: Suspect data, 40 m anemometer;
2006年9月8日，可疑数据，40米 风速计；
22 Oct 2006 to 23 Oct 2006: Missing data, all instruments;
2006年10月22日至2006年10月23日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
26 Nov 2006: Erroneous data removed due to malfunctioning anemometers at all heights.
2006年11月26日：由于所有高度的风速计出现故障，错误数据被删除。
A small directional offset has been observed in correlations which were conducted between the two wind vanes at Mast 1. Without any concurrent wind direction data from a nearby reference or from on-site observations, GH considers the most reliable approach is to assume the wind vanes have equal and opposite offsets on each side of the magnetic north implying the corrective offsets as detailed in Table 2.2.
对1#测风塔的两个风向标进行对比时，我们观测到微小的方向偏移。在邻近参考点或现场观测没有任何同期风向数据的情况下，GH认为最可靠的方法是假定风向标在地磁北极两侧出现了反向等值的偏移，表明这属于纠正性偏移（详见表2.2）。
It is also noted that the pressure sensor recorded erroneous data for most of the measurement period.
还需注意的是在大多数测量期内，气压传感器记录的都是错误数据。
The duration, basic statistics and data coverage for the Mast 1 data are summarised in Table 4.1.
表4.1对1#测风塔数据的持续时间、基本统计数据以及数据覆盖率进行了总结。
Mast 2:
2#测风塔
The wind data have been subject to a quality checking procedure by GH to identify records which were affected by equipment malfunction and other anomalies. The check of Mast 2 data revealed 18 days, 11 days and 15 days where wind speed at each anemometer at 65 m and direction data at the 65 m wind vane respectively were missing or suspect. These records were excluded from the analysis. The main periods for which valid wind data were not available are summarised below, together with details of the errors identified:
风况数据均必须采用GH的质量检查程序检查质量，以找到受设备故障或其它异常情况影响的数据记录。2#测风塔的数据质量检查显示：65米处的两台风速计的风速数据和65米处的风向标的风向数据出现丢失或可疑状态的时间分别为18天、11天和15天。我们的分析不包括这些记录。有效的风况数据不可用的几大时期，以及识别出的错误细节总结如下：
24 Feb 2008 to 25 Feb 2008: Missing data, all instruments;
2008年2月24日至2008年2月25日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
21 Apr 2008 to 23 Apr 2008: Missing data, all instruments;
2008年4月21日至2008年4月23日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
9 Aug 2008 to 11 Aug 2008: Erroneous data removed due to malfunctioning anemometers at 65 m.
2008年8月9日至2008年8月11日：由于65米处的风速计出现故障，错误数据被删除；
18 Aug 2008 and 21 Aug 2008: Erroneous data at one malfunctioning anemometer at 65 m.
2008年8月18日至2008年8月21日：65米处的一个风速计出现故障，出现错误数据；
19 Aug 2008 to 20 Aug 2008: Missing data, all instruments.
2008年8月19日至2008年8月20日：丢失数据，所有仪器
19 Dec 2008: Missing data, all instruments.
2008年12月19日：丢失数据，所有仪器。
A small offset has been observed in correlations which were conducted between the two wind vanes at Mast 2. Without any concurrent wind direction data from a nearby reference and with on-site observations which are not conclusive, GH considers it most reliable to assume the wind vanes have equal and opposite offsets on each side of the magnetic north implying the corrective offsets as detailed in Table 2.2.
对2#测风塔的两个风向标进行对比时，我们观测到微小的方向偏移。在邻近参考点同期风向数据，并且现场观测数据未确定的情况下，GH认为最可靠的方法是假定风向标在地磁北极两侧出现了反向等值的偏移，表明这属于纠正性偏移（详见表2.2）。
The details of the commissioning dates have been provided by Longyuan for the Acciona AW 1500 77 and United Power UP 77 wind turbines operating at the site [7] and are shown in Table 4.2. Give that the closest turbine to Mast 2, Turbine 29, is located approximately 300 m to the west, it is clear that this and other nearby turbines have influenced the wind flow measurements made at Mast 2.
对于场地[7]运行的安迅能AW 1500 77 和联合动力UP 77风机的具体调试日期，龙源已经给出，并显示在表4.2中。由于离2#测风塔最近的29#风机位于测风塔西侧约300米的位置，很显然29#风机及其他附近风机影响了2#测风塔所测的气流数据。
GH has undertaken investigations to estimate the influence of the wake effect that these operating turbines had on the measurements recorded at Mast 2. These investigations indicate that the surrounding turbines exert a significant influence on the wind measurements recorded at the mast.
GH 已开展了调查，以期对上述风机的伴流效应对2#测风塔所记录的数据的影响进行估计。调查表明，周围风机对测风塔所记录的数据影响很大。
Given the limited amount of historical data available at the site, GH considers that the most reliable estimate of the wind regime is obtained retaining the data recorded at Mast 2 after applying a wind speed correction to the data to correct for the expected wake effects from the neighbouring turbines.Whilst there is a large uncertainty in the corrections applied, GH believes that the corrected data is more representative of the expected wind regime at the site than by using only wind data from Mast 1.
由于现场可用的历史资料有限，GH认为，对数据进行风速调整，纠正附近风机的预期伴流影响，然后保留2#测风塔的数据，可实现最可靠的风况估计。但是所做的纠正也存在着很大的不确定性，GH认为，现场预计风况的纠正数据比仅使用1#测风塔所得风况数据更具代表性。
The duration, basic statistics and data coverage for the Mast 2 data are summarised in Table 4.3.
表4.3对2#测风塔数据的持续时间、基本统计数据以及数据覆盖率进行了总结。
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIND FARM
5 风电场介绍
5.1 The wind turbine
5.1 风机
The wind turbine model operating at the ShangYi Wind Farm.which is the subject of this study is the Acciona AW-77 with a hub height of 60 m. There are also 17 United Power UP-77 with a hub height of 65 m operating at the site.
尚义风电场使用的风机型是安迅能AW-77型风机，它是本次研究的研究对象，其轮毂高度为60米。现场还有17台联合动力UP-77风机，其轮毂高度为65米。
The power and thrust curves of the Acciona AW-77 used in this analysis have been supplied by JA [8] and are for the air density of 1.03 kg/m3 and turbulence intensity of 10 %. The power and thrust curves of the UP-77 has been sourced independently by GH from the turbine manufacturer and are for the air density of 1.225 kg/m3 and unspecified turbulence intensity.
本次分析中使用的安迅能AW-77风机的功率曲线和推力曲线由JA[8]提供，规定的空气密度为1.03kg/m3，紊流强度为10%。UP-77风机的功率曲线和推力曲线由其制造商单独向GH提供，规定的空气密度为1225kg/m3 ，紊流强度未作规定。
From data provided by JA [8] it is know that the Acciona AW-77 MW turbine installed at the site is certified as an IEC Class IIA machine according to Edition 2 of the IEC standard .
根据IEC标准第二版的规定，按照JA[8]提供的数据，现场安装的安迅能AW-77 MW风机应属IEC IIA类机器。
5.2 Wind farm layout
5.2 风电场的布局
Longyuan has supplied two slightly different layouts for the wind farm [9，10] which features 33 AW-77 turbines and 17 surrounding UP-77 turbines. Based on Satellite imagery dated April 2008 which shows the actual turbines and comparison with GPS readings taken during the GH site visit it has been concluded that the as-built turbine layout supplied in the form of a Google Earth file [9] provides the most up to date coordinates and has therefore been used in this analysis. A map of the site showing the turbine locations according to this turbine layout is presented in Figure 2.2 with the grid co-ordinates of the turbines given in Table 5.1.
龙源提供了两种略有不同的风电场布局图[8，9]，风电场的特征为17台UP-77风机围绕着33台AW-77风机布置。根据2008年4月份实际风机的卫星图像，并与GH实地考察时获得的GPS读数进行比较，我们得出结论：以Google Earth文件[8]形式提供的风机竣工布局图使用了最新的坐标系，并因此被用于本次分析。图2.2 是根据该风机布局图制作的现场风机安装点地图，而表5.1则给出了风机的网格坐标。
It is noted that the alternative turbine layout provided by Longyuan [10] is very similar to the layout selected by GH. The average difference between the two sets of turbine locations is only 6 m and no turbine is more than 10 m different in either layout. Such small differences are considered within the typical error range or commercial GPS equipment.
需要注意的是龙源[9]提供的备选风机布局图与GH选定的布局图非常接近。两幅布局图中的风机安装点的平均误差为6米，最大误差不超过10米。我们认为如此小的误差完全在商用GPS设备的标准误差范围内。
Minimum turbine spacings for the existing layout are 2.7 and 2.9 rotor diameters between Turbines A2.1 and A2.2 and between Turbines A5.1 and A5.2, respectively in the northwesterly prevailing wind direction. There are other instances over the site with low separations in other significant direction sectors such as 2.6 rotor diameters between Turbines A5.4 and A5.5 in the southwesterly direction and 2.9 rotor diameters between Turbine A6.6 and the UPC turbine A8.3 in the westerly direction. The resulting increase in turbulence levels associated with these close spacings has the potential to increase fatigue loads. It is recommended that the turbine spacing is carefully considered and that sufficient warranty provisions are in place to cover this issue.
现有布局的最小风机间隔分别为2.7倍和2.9倍的风轮直径，它们分别是位于西北盛行风向的A2.1与A2.2风机以及A5.1与A5.2风机之间的间隔。现场的其它主要风向区还有一些风机间隔，比如：西南风向A5.4与A5.5风机之间的间隔为2.6倍风轮直径，而西风向A6.6与UPC A8.3风机之间的间隔为2.9倍风轮直径。这些很小的风机间隔会导致与它们相关的紊流水平提高，从而有可能会增加疲劳负载。我们建议需谨慎考虑风机间隔，并针对这一问题制定充分的保证条款。
At such separations, GH considers that a wind sector management strategy will likely be required in order to reduce the fatigue loading for some turbines in certain wind direction sectors. At the time of writing, no details of any wind sector management strategy have been supplied and therefore GH has not included such strategy in his anaylsis. It is recommended that the report be amended to include any such wind sector management strategies once details become available.
在这种间隔条件下，GH认为很可能需要制定风向区域管理战略，以便减少特定风向区某些风机的疲劳负载。起草本文件时，GH还未收到任何关于风向区管理战略的详细内容，故GH并未将此战略囊括入本分析。关于风向区管理战略的详细内容制定出来后，我们建议修改报告，将相关内容纳入其中。
6. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
6. 分析方法及分析结果
6.1 Wind Analysis
6.1 风况分析
The analysis of the wind regime at Mast 1 and Mast 2 involved several steps, which are summarized below:
在1#测风塔和2#测风塔进行的风况分析包括几个步骤，总结如下：
Missing wind speed data at Mast 1 at 40 m and direction data at 22 m were synthesised from wind speed data at Mast 1 at 25 m and wind direction data at Mast 1 at 8.5 m.
利用1#测风塔25米处的风速数据和1#测风塔8.5米处的风向数据，合成1#测风塔40米处丢失的风速数据和22米处的风向数据。
The annual wind speed and direction frequency distribution at Mast 1 at 40 m was derived from the combined measured and synthesised data.
结合使用实测数据和合成数据，获得1#测风塔40米处的年风速和风向频率分布。
Missing wind speed and direction data at Mast 2 at 65 m were synthesised from wind speed data from the adjacent 65 m anemometer at Mast 2 and wind direction data at Mast 2 at 10 m.
利用2#测风塔65米处的风速计记录的风速数据和2#测风塔10米处的风向数据，合成2#测风塔65米处丢失的风速数据和风向数据。
Wind speed data recorded at Mast 2 at 65 m were averaged between the two 65 m anemometer.
计算出2#测风塔65米处的两个风速计记录的风速数据的平均值。
The annual wind speed and direction frequency distribution at Mast 2 at 65 m was derived from the combined measured and synthesised data.
结合使用实测数据和合成数据，获得2#测风塔65米处的年风速和风向频率分布。
Following this methodology, the annual estimated mean wind speeds at Mast 1 at 40 m and Mast 2 at 65 m are 7.8 m/s and 7.4 m/s respectively.
按照这种方法估算的1#测风塔40米处和2#测风塔65米处的年风速分别为7.8m/s和7.4m/s。
6.2 Wind speed variation across the site
6.2 整个风电场的风速差异
The variation in wind speed over the wind farm site has been predicted using the WAsP computational flow model.
我们利用WAsP计算机气流模型，对整个风电场的风速差异进行了预测。
The complexity of the terrain at the ShangYi Wind Farm requires that careful consideration be given to the wind flow modelling.
由于尚义风电场的地形复杂，所以进行气流建模时必须深思熟虑后，方可进行。
Given the above, GH has also undertaken CFD modelling across the site and used the CFD simulations to assist in establishing the pattern of wind speed variation across the site, particularly in areas of complex terrain.
由于上述原因，GH还利用CFD仿真技术对整个风电场进行了CFD建模，以帮助建立整个风电场的风速差异模型，尤其是在地形复杂的地区。
6.2.1 Wind speed boundary layer profile at Mast 1 and Mast 2
6.2.1 1#测风塔和2#测风塔的风速边界层廓线
Comparisons have been conducted at each mast between the measured wind shear exponent and the wind shear exponent predicted by the flow models. The table below summarises these comparisons which are weighted by sector frequency. The power law wind shear exponent is defined by:
我们对每个测风塔的实测风切变指数和气流模型预测的风切变指数进行了比较。下表对这些比较结果进行了总结，并通过扇区频率进行了加权计算。风切变指数的幂函数式为：
where
is power law wind shear exponent,
is the mean wind speed,
is the height above ground level, and
其中：是风切变指数的幂
是平均风速
是离地高度，并且
Significant discrepancy exists between the results derived from using the WAsP flow model and from measurements recorded at the site masts. In particular, the lack of information regarding the mast configuration at Mast 1, the suspected pre-processing of data at Mast 2, and the large distance between wind speed measurement heights at Mast 2 all contributed to the uncertainty of the measured shear value. The WAsP model on the other hand is not well suited to the type of complex terrain present at the Shanyi Wind Farm site which adds uncertainty to the modelled shear predictions.
利用WAsP气流模型获得的结果与现场测风塔记录的测量值明显不一致。尤其是1#测风塔的结构信息不足，2#测风塔可疑的数据预处理、以及2#测风塔风速测量高度之间的巨大间隔距离，均增加了实测切变值的不确定性。另一方面，WAsP并不是很适用于尚义风电场现场的复杂地形，这也增加了模型化切变预测值的不确定性。
To gain a further understanding of the vertical wind shear profile across the site GH has also performed calculations using the Meteodyn CFD flow model. In certain situations CFD modelling can more accurately capture the flow characteristics than standard WAsP modelling, particularly near areas of complex terrain. The results of the CFD modelling, which are also presented in the table above, appear to show slightly better agreement with the measured values at the mast locations than the WAsP model. Although the measured values themselves are subject to uncertainty, GH considers that such agreement provides some additional comfort in the vertical shear values derived from CFD modelling.
为了进一步了解整个现场的垂直风切变廓线，GH还利用Meteodyn CFD气流模型进行了计算。与标准的WAsP建模相比，在特定情况下，CFD建模能够更加精确地捕捉到气流的特征，尤其是在地形复杂的区域周围。CFD建模的结果（见上表）与测风塔安装点的实测值更为一致，这一点稍好于WAsP模型。尽管实测值本身也具有不准确性，但是GH认为：这种一致性为CFD建模获得垂直切变值提供了一些附加的便利。
On balance GH considers that the most reliable estimate of the vertical shear profile at the site is provided by the CFD modelling, the results of which have been used to extrapolate the wind speed from 40 m to 60 m at Mast 1 and interpolate the wind speed from 65 m to 60 m at Mast 2. By this method, the annual estimated mean wind speeds at Mast 1 and Mast 2 locations at a hub height of 60 m are 8.1 m/s and 7.3 m/s respectively. The corresponding predicted annual wind speed and directional frequency distributions at a hub height of 60 m at the location of Mast 1 and Mast 2 are presented in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 and in the form of a wind rose in Figures 6.1 and 6.2.
总之，GH认为CFD建模最可靠地预测了现场垂直切变廓线，其结果已被用于外推1#测风塔40米至60米的风速，和内推2#测风塔65米至60米的风速。当轮毂高度为60米时，利用这种方法估算的1#测风塔安装点和2#测风塔安装点的年平均风速分别为8.1m/s和7.3m/s。与此对应的1#测风塔安装点和2#测风塔安装点的预测年风速和风向频率分布（轮毂高度为60米），请见表6.1和表6.2以及图6.1和图6.2中的风玫瑰图。
It is observed that the wind rose at Mast 1 has a predominance of wind from the northwest and west with a significant proportion also from the southeast. The wind rose at Mast 2 shows a similar distribution with a stronger component of winds from the south. It should be emphasised that since these wind roses are only based on approximately one year of data there remains significant uncertainty associated with the assumption that they are representative of the long-term conditions at the site.
根据观测，1#测风塔风玫瑰图的主导风向为西北风和西风，以及还有相当比例的东南风。2#测风塔的风玫瑰图显示出的主导风向分布与此相似，且具有更强的南风。应当强调的一点是由于这些风玫瑰图仅仅是以大约一年的数据为基础的，所以讲它们作为长期气象条件代表的假设仍有很大的不确定性。
6.2.2 Wind flow modelling across the site
6.2.2整个现场的气流建模
The variation in wind speed over the site has been predicted using both the WAsP and Meteodyn CFD computational flow models initiated from Mast 1 and Mast 2.
我们已从1#测风塔和2#测风塔开始，利用WAsP和Meteodyn CFD这两种计算机气流模型，对整个现场的风速差异进行了预测。
The digital terrain map, which is a crucial input to the wind flow modelling, has been supplied by Longyuan. However, the supplied map does not extend 10 km fully in all directions from the site. GH has therefore combined the digital terrain map supplied by Longyuan with additional map data sourced by GH from the Satellite Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) database, in order to reliably model the wind flow across the site area. The horizontal resolution of this SRTM topographic data is not high and it is recommended that a high-resolution digital terrain map that extends 10 km in all directions from the site be supplied in any future analysis.
数字化地形图是气流建模的一个关键输入值，由龙源提供。但是，该地图并未以现场为中心全方位向外延伸10千米。因此，GH将龙源提供的数字化地形图与GH从卫星雷达地形测绘任务（SRTM）获得的补充地图数据结合起来，以便为整个现场区域的气流建立可靠的模型。该SRTM地形数据的水平分辨率并不高，因此我们建议在未来的分析中提供分辨率高，且以现场为中心全方位向外延伸10千米的数字化地形图。
In order to enable a like-for-like comparison, and as a basis for evaluating the performance of the WAsP and CFD models across the site, GH has predicted the annual mean wind speeds at each of the site masts using monthly correlations with the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station. Although subject to significant uncertainty this correlation provides some indication of the wind speeds at each mast over a comparable period. In Table 6.3 the wind speed at Mast 1 predicted from measurements and correlation with the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station is compared with the WAsP and CFD wind speeds predicted from Mast 2. WAsP and CFD wind flow models between the two site masts show good agreement with only small discrepancies wind wind speed. Although the wind flow models are performing reasonably well,, challenges remain for predicting the wind flow in complex terrain for turbine locations significantly further from the site masts. It is also noted that the monthly correlations described above have considerable uncertainty and reply upon the use of the Zhangjiakou meteorological station. . The severe limitations of this dataset as discussed in Section 3 should be noted, thus limiting the representativeness of the comparison of the measurements and the wind flow model predictions.
为了实现同等状态下的比较，并作为评估整个现场WAsP模型和CFD模型性能的一个基础，GH利用张家口气象站的每月相关数据，预测了现场每个测风塔的年平均风速。尽管这些相关数据具有很大的不确定性，但它们在一个可比较的时期内，还是提供了每座测风塔的一些风速指示。在表6.3中，根据实测值和张家口气象站的相关数据预测的1#测风塔风速，与WAsP和CFD模型预测的2#测风塔风速进行了比较。两个现场的WAsP 和 CFD 模型结果基本一致，仅风速有些许差异。尽管气流模型的表现相当不错，但是在离现场测风塔更远的风机安装点，由于地形复杂，所以预测气流时仍有很多问题。需要注意的是上述每月相关数据具有很大的不确定性，而且依赖于张家口气象站，应注意第三章中所述的这种数据集的严重局限性，因此也限制了测量值比较结果的代表性，以及气流模型的预测值。
The wind farm is located within complex terrain which includes areas of steep slopes. The presence of steep slopes can cause localised separation of the flow. In regions of separated flow it is known that the accuracy of wind flow modelling is poor due to the formation of a separation bubble which reduces the effective slope, as described by Cook [11].
尚义风电场位于一个地形复杂的区域，区域内有很多陡坡。陡坡会导致气流被局部分隔。众所周知，在气流被分隔的区域，由于形成了可以减小有效坡度的分隔气泡，所以气流建模的精确性就很差，如Cook[11]所述。
For turbine locations with slopes significantly in ex
Translation - Chinese
METEOROLOGICAL SITE CONDITIONS FOR
TURBINES AT THE OPERATING SHANGYI
WIND FARM
尚义风电场风机现场气象条件
分析报告
Client: Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
委托人：德劳工业服务（上海）有限公司
Contact: Mr. Chun Wan
联系人：Chun Wan 先生
Document No: 106020/CR/01
文件号：106020/CR/01
Issue: B
发行号：B
Status: Final
状态：最终版
Classification: Client’s Discretion
保密级别：由委托人自行决定
Date: 05 August 2011
日期：2011年8月5日
Author: B Nguyen
编制人： B Nguyen
Checked by: C Houston
审核人： C Houston
Approved by:R Whiting
批准人： R Whiting
Garrad Hassan (Beijing) Technology and Service Corp. Ltd.
Room 2608, Fosun International Center, No.237 Chaoyang North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020,P.R.China
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使用须知与免责声明
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1本报告（以下简称：“报告”）由加勒德哈森（北京）技术服务有限公司（以下简称：“GH”或“加勒德哈森”）编制发行，仅限扉页所示委托人使用（以下简称：“委托人”）。委托人指示加勒德哈森编制本报告，并直接与加勒德哈森签订了书面协议，其中规定了加勒德哈森应对委托人承担的义务。除非加勒德哈森与相关的第三方签订了书面协议，否则与本协议相关的任何第三方（即：除委托人之外的其他人）以及第三方对本报告的任何利用，加勒德哈森概不负责。报告仅可按照文件保密级别、以及本报告和/或加勒德哈森与委托人签订的书面协议中规定或提及的相关条件进行复印传阅。未经加勒德哈森明示书面同意，不得将本协议的任何部分，在任何公开发行的备忘录、招股说明书或上市说明书、通知或公告中公开。若文件保密级别允许委托人再次分发本报告，则不得籍此暗示加勒德哈森应对除委托人之外的任何接收人承担任何责任。
2. This report has been produced from information relating to dates and periods referred to in this report. The report does not imply that any information is not subject to change.
2本报告根据与文中所提及的日期和时期相关的信息编制。本报告并未暗示不得变更任何信息。
3. GH has not conducted wind measurements itself and cannot, therefore, be responsible for the accuracy of the data supplied to it.
3 GH并未亲自测风，因此，GH对所获得数据的准确性不承担任何责任。
4. This document has been prepared pursuant to the GLIS (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. proposal “Blades Damage Analysis for Shangyi Wind Farm in China” signed on 26 January 2011, and is subject to the terms and conditions contained therein.
4本文件根据GLIS（上海）有限公司于2011年1月26日签署的《“中国尚义风电场叶片损坏程度分析”建议书》编制，并应以其中所含的条款和条件为准。
KEY TO DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION
文件保密级别说明
Strictly Confidential: For disclosure only to named individuals within the Client’s organisation.
绝密： 仅向委托人组织内部的指定人员公开。
Private and Confidential: For disclosure only to individuals directly concerned with the subject matter of the Report within the Client’s organisation.
机密： 仅向委托人组织内部与报告主题直接相关的人员公开。
Commercial in Confidence: Not to be disclosed outside the Client’s organisation
商业机密：不得向委托人组织外部公开。
GH only: Not to be disclosed to non GH staff
仅限GH：不得向GH员工之外的人员公开。
Client’s Discretion: Distribution for information only at the discretion of the Client (subject to the above Important Notice and Disclaimer).
委托人自行决定：信息的发布由委托人自行决定（但必须遵守上文“使用须知与免责声明”）。
Published: Available for information only to the general public (subject to the above Important Notice and Disclaimer).
公开：仅限可为公众所用的信息（但必须遵守上文“使用须知与免责声明”）。
05.08.11 Original issue (electronic version only)
原始发行（仅电子版）
Update including corrections to Mast 2 measurements due to the wake effect of surrounding operating turbines (electronic version only)
更新内容包括因周围运行风机的伴流影响而对2#测风塔测量数据进行的修改（仅电子版）
目录
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言 1
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
2. 现场和监测设备介绍 2
2.1 The site
2.1 现场 2
2.2 Monitoring equipment
2.2 监测设备 2
3. SELECTION OF REFERENCE DATA
3. 参考数据的筛选 5
4. WIND DATA
4. 风况数据 6
4.1 Wind data recorded at the site
4.1 现场记录的风况数据 6
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIND FARM
5. 风电场介绍 8
5.1The wind turbine
5.1 风机 8
5.2 Wind farm layout
5.2 风电场的布局 8
6. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
6. 分析方法及分析结果 9
6.1 Wind Analysis
6.1 风况分析 9
6.2 Wind speed variation across the site
6.2 整个风电场的风速差异 9
6.3 Turbulence intensity at the site
6.3 现场紊流强度 13
6.4 Wind speed boundary layer profile at the turbine locations
6.4 风机安装点的风速边界层廓线 15
6.5 Extreme wind speed at the site
6.5 现场极端风速 15
6.6 Flow inclination angle at the site masts and the turbines locations
6.6 现场测风塔和风机安装点的气流倾角 15
6.7 Site air density
6.7 现场空气密度 16
6.8 Site temperature
6.8 现场气温 17
6.9 Results based only on data provided to JA
6.9 仅根据提供给JA的数据所获得的结果 18
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
7. 总结与结论 21
8. REFERENCES
8. 参考文献 22
9. LIST OF TABLES
9. 表格目录 23
10. LIST OF FIGURES
10. 图表目录 25
APPENDIX 1 Frandsen methodology
附件1 Frandsen方法
APPENDIX 2 Supporting information on wind turbine certification
附件2 风机认证辅助资料
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言
LongYuan Zhang Jia Kou Wind Power Co. ltd. (“Longyuan”), Jiangsu CASC Energine Wind Tubine Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“JA”), LM Wind Power Co. ltd.(“LM”), have jointly contracted Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. (“GLIS SH” or “the Client) to undertake an investigation into blade damage at the Shanyi Wind Farm. As part of this investigation, GLIS SH has instructed Garrad Hassan (Beijing) Technology and Service Corp. Ltd. (“GH”) to carry out an independent analysis of the meteorological and environmental conditions for the 33 Acciona AW-77 turbines at the operating ShangYi Wind Farm in Shangyi county, Hebei Province, northern China. The results of the work are reported here.
龙源（张家口）风力发电有限公司（以下简称：“龙源”）、江苏航天万源风电设备制造有限公司（以下简称：“JA”）以及艾尔姆风能叶片制品有限公司（以下简称“LM”）联合与德劳工业服务（上海）有限公司（以下简称：“GLIS SH”或“委托人”）签订合同，共同承担尚义风电场风机叶片损坏的调查工作。作为本次调查的组成部分，GLIS SH已委托加勒德哈森（北京）技术服务有限公司对华北地区河北省尚义县尚义风电场投入运营的33台安迅能AW-77风机，进行独立的气象与环境条件分析。本文就是分析结果报告。
A description of the long-term wind climate and meteorological conditions at a potential wind farm is best determined using wind data recorded at the site. Longyuan has supplied 2 separate one-year datasets recorded at the ShangYi site since December 2005 to GH from two meteorological masts up to a height of 65 m [1, 2].
描述某一潜在风电场的长期风气候和气象条件时，最好是利用现场记录的风况数据进行测定。从2005年12月份开始，龙源对尚义风电场两座高度达到65m的气象测风塔[1，2]的测量结果进行了记录，并已将2份独立的一年期数据集交于GH。
When only a short period of site data are available, it is usual to combine the site measurements with long-term measurements from a local meteorological station. In China it is rare to find reliable sources of long-term reference data and at present, no suitable source of long-term reference wind data has been identified. As a result of this, the analysis of the long-term wind regime relies on data recorded at the site from December 2005 to January 2007 and from January 2008 to January 2009. There is an elevated uncertainty in assuming these two periods to be representative of the long-term.
当只有短期的现场数据时，通常是将现场的测量数据与当地气象站的长期测量数据进行比较。但在中国，很难找到可靠的长期参考数据源，而且，目前也还没有找到符合要求的长期参考风况数据源。因此，长期风况分析将依赖于从2005年12月至2007年1月以及从2008年1月至2009年1月这两年内的现场记录数据。若假设这两个时期的记录数据可以代表长期的气象条件，那么不确定性就增加了。
Based on the requirements outlined by the Client, the objectives of the work presented in this report are as follows:
根据委托人提出的要求，本报告中所述的工作目标如下：
Predict the long-term hub height mean wind speed direction frequency distributions at the mast and turbine locations.
预测测风塔和风机安装点在轮毂高度的平均风速和风向频率长期分布；
Analyse the turbulence data recorded at the site mast and predict the appropriate levels of ambient and wake-affected turbulence intensity for each turbine location according to the Frandsen methodology described in [3] and Appendix 1;
分析现场测风塔记录的紊流数据，并利用[3]和附件1中所述的Frandsen方法，预测每一个风机安装点的环境紊流强度及受尾流影响的紊流强度的合理水平；
Summarize the maximum wind speeds measured at the ShangYi site masts;
总结尚义风电场测风塔上测得的最大风速；
Predicted wind speed boundary layer profile at Mast 1 and each turbine location, and present the associated measured wind shear exponent as a directional frequency distribution;
预测1#测风塔和每个风机安装点的风速边界层廓线，并说明相关的实测风切变指数，作为风向频率分布；
Provide a prediction of the maximum flow inclination angle at each turbine location;
预测每一个风机安装点的最大气流倾角；
Provide a prediction of the site air density;
预测现场的气流密度；
Summarise the maximum and minimum temperature recorded at the site.
总结现场记录的最高气温和最低气温；
Provide a comparison with results based only on the data supplied to JA for their analysis.
对仅根据提供给JA的数据所获得的分析结果进行比较。
The soil conditions, seismic conditions and electrical grid network have not been considered in this report.
本报告未考虑土壤状况、地震状况以及电网网络等因素。
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
2. 现场和监测设备介绍
2.1 The site
2.1 现场
The ShangYi site is located approximately 35 km southwest of the town of Zhangbei, in northern Hebei province, as shown in Figure 2.1. The ShangYi Wind Farm is an operating wind farm consisting of 33 Acciona AW 1500-77 turbines which are the subject of this study and 17 United Power UP 77 turbines which are considered in terms of their impact on the Acciona AW-77 turbines. The Acciona wind turbines at this wind farm have suffered a number of blade failures and therefore the Client has requested that GH analyse the meteorological conditions at the site and turbine locations as part of an investigation into the causes of the blade problems.
尚义风电场位于冀北地区张北县西南大约35千米处（见图2.1），是一座已投入运营的风电场，安装有33台安迅能AW 1500-77风机和17台联合动力UP-77风机，其中前者是本报告的研究对象，而本报告亦考虑了后者对安迅能AW 1500-77风机的影响。尚义风电场的安迅能风机出现过数次叶片故障情况，因此，在调查叶片出现故障的原因时，委托人请求GH对现场和风机安装点的气象条件进行分析。
The operating ShangYi Wind Farm lies on a broad ridge of elevation between 1700 m and 1800 m aligned approximately in an east-west direction as shown in Figure 2.2. The centre of the site is occupied by a relatively flat plateau while the sides of the ridges, particularly to the south are characterised by steep slopes. The general terrain at the site can be described as complex with areas of slopes exceeding 17 degrees present along a number of the ridge edges. The ground cover at the site comprises largely of grass land interspersed with farmland. Areas of low lying settlements, some scattered bushes and sparse, low level forestry were also observed at the site.
尚义风电场位于一条接近于东西走向、海拔介于1700米和1800米的开阔山脊上（见图2.2）。风电场的中心区域是一块相对平坦的台地，而山脊的两侧，尤其是南侧则具有明显的陡坡特征。风电场的总体地形比较复杂，很多17度以上的斜坡区沿若干山脊边缘分布。现场的地表覆盖基本为草地，零星分布着一些农田。现场还发现了一些地势低洼的村落、散布的灌木丛以及稀稀拉拉的低级林地。
The surface roughness length of the site and surrounding area was assessed during a site visit made by GH staff in February 2011. Following the Davenport classification [4], the following general figures are considered appropriate:
2011年2月，GH的人员对风电场进行了实地考察，并对现场和周边区域的地面粗糙长度进行了评估。我们完成了Davenport分类[4]后，认为下列综合数据是合理的：
Sparse low forestry 0.3 m
零星分布的矮林地 0.3米
Settlements 0.3 m
村落 0.3米
Site and surrounding areas 0.03 m
现场和周边区域 0.03米
A map showing the site is presented in Figure 2.2, including the locations of the meteorological masts, the 50 existing turbines and the areas of steep slopes. A panoramic view of the site taken from the location of Mast 2 is shown in Figure 2.3.
图2.2是一幅现场地图，其中标出了气象测风塔的位置、现有的50台风机以及陡坡区。图2.3是从2#测风塔位置拍摄的现场全景图。
It is noted that a majority of the Acciona AW 1500-77 turbines as well as a number of the surrounding United Power UP 77 turbines have been operating during the period where measurements have been recorded at Mast 2 and the effect of these turbines has been considered in the analysis of the measured data at Mast 2 as described in detail in Section 3. All data available at Mast 1 was recorded before the commissioning of turbines at the site.
我们注意到，大部分安迅能 AW 1500-77 风机及周围若干联合动力 UP 77 风机在2#测风塔记录测量结果时已处于运行状态，这些风机的运行效果已在第3章的2#测风塔测量数据分析中予以详细说明。1#测风塔的所有可用数据在现场调试风机之前已予以记录。
2.2 Monitoring equipment
2.2 监测设备
2.2.1 Equipment
2.2.1设备
The wind measurement campaign at the ShangYi site commenced at an unspecified date with the installation of the 40 m mast, Mast 1. Data available from this mast begins in December 2005 and continues until January 2007. Subsequently, a second mast, Mast 2, of 65 m height was installed at the site with data supplied for the period January 2008 and January 2009. Both masts are of lattice construction. A view of Mast 2 including the instrument mounting arrangements is shown in Figure 2.4 looking northeast. It is noted that Mast 1 was already dismantled at the time of the site visit by GH staff in February 2011 and therefore it was not possible to verify the quality of the instrument mounting arrangements at this mast. However, the dismantled lattice structure was still present at the site and from this GH was able to broadly check the mounting heights.
1#测风塔高40米，尚义风电场的测风工作随着1#测风塔的安装正式开始，但具体的开始日期不祥。从2005年12月起，1#测风塔开始提供数据，直至2007年1月止。之后，安装了第二座测风塔，即：65米高的2#测风塔，并自2008年1月至2009年1月提供数据。两座测风塔均采用桁架结构。图2.4是2#测风塔的东北向图，图中还显示了仪表安装布置。但需注意的是，2011年2月GH的人员对现场进行实地考察时，1#测风塔已被拆卸。因此，已无法查证1#测风塔的仪表安装布置质量。但是，被拆卸下来的桁架结构现在仍在现场，所以GH可以大体上检查1#测风塔的安装高度。
A summary of the measurements recorded at the site, including the grid co-ordinates of the masts, are presented in Table 2.1.
表2.1总结了现场记录的测量值，包括测风塔的网格坐标。
The wind data have been recorded using NRG Symphonie data loggers. No mast installation reports have been provided, however, the instrument models are assumed to be NRG #40 anemometers and NRG 200 P wind vanes based on the headers from the logger files supplied by Longyuan [1, 2] and are confirmed in the case of Mast 2 after the site visit in February 2011. Both data loggers have been programmed to record, at ten-minute intervals, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum wind speed and direction, temperature and pressure.
风况数据被记录在NRG Symphonie 数据记录器中。龙源并未提供测风塔的安装报告，但根据龙源[1，2]所提供记录文件的标题推测，仪表的型号应为NRG #40风速计和NRG 200 P风向标，2011年2月份的实地考察后，这一点在2#测风塔上得到了证实。两台记录器按照输入的程序以10分钟的间隔，记录平均值、标准差、最大风速和最小风速以及风向、气温和气压等数据。
Maintenance records for the site measurements have not been provided. It is recommended that they are supplied to ensure traceability of the instrumentation.
龙源未提供现场测量的维护记录，我们建议提供这些维护记录以确保测量仪器的可追溯性。
It is noted that the magnetic declination at the site is approximately 6 degrees west. All instrument boom orientations quoted below have therefore been corrected to grid north to account for this.
研究表明，现场的磁偏角大约是偏西6度。因此，下文所引述的全部仪表的吊杆方向都已被纠正到网格北向，以兼顾这一偏角。
Mast 1 was dismantled on February 2011 and no maintenance reports have been supplied by Longyuan therefore information concerning the configurations and instrument mounting arrangements of this mast is very limited. During the site visit, it was possible to perform a check the reported heights of the instruments from observation of the boom claps still in place on the lattice structure lying on the ground. This check suggests that instruments mounted on Mast 1, all of which are assumed to be boom-mounted, include single anemometers mounted at 40 m, 25 m and 10 m and single wind vanes at 22 m and 8.5 m. However, no check of the boom orientations or the positioning of the instruments relative to the mast and boom structures were possible.
1#测风塔于2011年2月份被拆除，而且龙源未提供维护报告，因此，有关1#测风塔的结构和仪器安装布置信息非常有限。在实地考察期间，通过观测地面桁架结构上的吊杆夹，我们检查了仪器的记录高度。检查结果表明：1#测风塔上安装的仪器有：三个单独的风速计，分别安装在40米、25米和10米处，以及两个单独的风向标，分别安装在22米和8.5米处。我们假定这些仪器均采用吊杆安装。但是，无法检查与测风塔和吊杆结构相关的吊杆角度或仪器定位。
Given the lack of detailed information regarding the configuration of Mast 1 , GH must assume that the mounting arrangements at Mast 1 are not consistent with the recommendations of the IEC [5]. Furthermore since GH was unable to inspect the mast or instruments, and despite detailed checks, the possibility that inadequate mounting arrangements may have grossly affected measurements at the site can not be entirely ruled out. There is therefore an elevated uncertainty associated with measurements from this mast.
由于缺少有关1#测风塔结构的详细信息，所以GH必须假设1#测风塔的安装布置与IEC [5]建议的布置不一致。而且，由于GH无法检查测风塔或仪器，所以，尽管进行了详细的检查，仍无法彻底排除安装布置不足对现场测量带来巨大影响的可能性，这就增加了1#测风塔测量的不准确性。
Findings from the site visit by GH staff in February 2011, show that instruments mounted on Mast 2, all of which are boom-mounted, include two anemometers mounted at 65 m, orientated towards 355 degrees and 305 degrees, a single anemometer mounted at 10 m, oriented towards 0 degrees and single wind vanes attached with an extension boom to the vertical pillar of the northern anemometers at 65 m and 10 m, orientated towards 355 degrees and 15 degrees respectively.
从GH员工在2011年2月份进行的实地考察中获得的结果来看，2#测风塔上安装的仪器有：安装于65米处的两个风速计，分别对着355度和305度方向, 一个单独安装于10米处的风速计，面向0度方向，以及两个单独的风向标，分别安装于65米和10米处，面向355度和15度方向，并通过一根延伸吊杆与北向风速计的垂直支柱连接。
The wind vanes at 65 m and 10 m heights are mounted alongside anemometers installed at the same height, positioned approximately 0.25 m horizontally and approximately same elevation as the anemometer cups. It is noted that IEC recommendations [5] state that the vertical distance between anemometers and any neighbouring instrument should be at least 1.5 m. The wind vanes are orientated at approximately 355 degrees and 5 degrees from the 65 m and 10 m anemometers respectively thus having a significant effect on wind from the important northern sectors.
65米和10米处的风向标是沿着安装在同一高度的风速计安装的，水平定位大约为0.25米，与风速计转杯大致处于同一高度。需注意的一点是，IEC建议[5]风速计之间以及风速计与邻近仪器之间的距离至少应为1.5米。风向标的朝向与65米和10米处的风速计形成的角度分别为355度和5度，因此，对至关重要的北部扇形区吹来的风具有重大的影响。
All boom mounted anemometers are mounted on tubular booms approximately 2 mast lattice face widths long and the cups of the anemometers are approximately 15 boom diameters above the booms. GH has estimated the CT of the lattice structure to be 0.28 and therefore the minimum boom length required to be in accordance with IEC recommendations [5] for a maximum wind speed distortion of 0.5 % is approximately 4.0 lattice face widths. The IEC recommendations also state that booms should be of tubular construction, should be orientated 90 degrees to the prevailing wind direction and that the vertical separation between each anemometer and supporting boom should be at least 15 boom diameters.
所有采用吊杆安装的风速计均安装在管状吊杆上，吊杆长度大约相当于测风塔桁架面宽度的2倍，而且风速计转杯位于吊杆上方大约相当于吊杆直径15倍的地方。根据GH的估算，桁架结构的CT为0.28，因而按照IEC的建议[5]，最大0.5%风速畸变所要求的最小吊杆长度应大约为桁架面宽度的4.0倍。同时，IEC还建议吊杆应为管状结构，并应以90度的角度朝向盛行风向，而且每个风速计与支承柱之间的垂直间距应至少为吊杆直径的15倍。
Given the above, in particular the shorter than ideal boom lengths and poor orientation of the booms relative to the prevailing northwesterly winds, GH considers that the mounting arrangements at Mast 2 are not consistent with the recommendations of the IEC [5].
鉴于以上分析，尤其是吊杆长度要短于其理想长度，并且，相对于西北盛行风向而言，吊杆的定位也很差。因此，GH认为2#测风塔的安装布置与IEC的建议[5]不一致。
It is noted that checks carried out on the supplied wind data from Mast 2 suggest that some processing has already been performed prior to delivery to GH. For instance, data are only available to one decimal place, and investigation of directional speed up plots, as shown in Figure 2.5, do not reveal any significant flow distortion, suggesting that some of the wind data may have already been screened and self-synthesised. Additionally, GH would expect to observe some flow distortion effects resulting from the location of the wind vane close the anemometer at 65 m, however no such effect was visible in the supplied data. Due to the limited documentation supplied it has also not been possible to identify exactly which of the two 65 m data channels corresponds to which instrument, therefore adding additional uncertainty. Finally it was noted during the site visit that the anemometers reported to be mounted at 65 m appear in fact to be installed at slightly different heights but no information has been supplied by Longyuan to help determine the exact height of these instruments. Without access to the original raw data and detailed installation report it is difficult for GH to confirm the validity of data from Mast 2 and therefore there is considered to be an elevated uncertainty associated with measurements recorded at Mast 2.
经过检查提供的2#测风塔风况数据，检查结果表明这些数据交于GH之前已经过处理。例如，数据并非全部精确到小数点后一位，而且，定向升速曲线的研究（见图2.5）并未显示出任何明显的气流畸变，这说明有些风况数据已经经过筛选并自行进行合成。此外，GH估计在靠近65米风速计的风向标处，应该能观测到一些气流畸变效应，但从所供数据中并看不出这种效应。由于所提供的文件资料有限，无法准确地确定两个65米数据通道与仪器之间的对应关系，所以这些数据更不准确。最后，在实地考察期间，我们注意到报告中所称的安装于65米处的风速计，与实际的安装高度稍有偏差，但龙源并未提供任何可以帮助我们确定这些仪器的精确高度的信息。没有原始数据和详细的安装报告，GH很难确定2#测风塔数据的有效性，因而我们认为2#测风塔报告的测量值更为不准确。
Given that GH does not have access to the original raw data at Mast 2 is it not considered possible to directionally re-average the wind speed data measured at 65 m in order to reduce the impact of wind flow distortions from the mast lattice structure and from the 65 m wind vane. Without any further information and to mitigate uncertainties, it is considered that the direct averaging of both measurements at 65 m for all directions provides the most reliable estimation of the wind regime at 65 m.
由于GH无法使用2#测风塔的原始数据，因而我们认为无法通过对65米处测得的风速数据重新定向取平均，来减少测风塔桁架结构和65米风向标导致的气流畸变。在没有更多信息并不能进一步改善数据准确性的情况下，我们认为对所有方向在65米处的两种测量值直接取平均，可以最可靠地估计65米处的风况。
GH takes no responsibility for any data processing which was performed on the supplied data at Mast 2 prior to receipt of the data.
GH对收到2#测风塔数据之前的任何数据处理不承担任何责任。
2.2.4 Calibrations
2.2.4校准
From the data supplied to GH it is not known if anemometers at either of the two site masts have been individually calibrated or not. An investigation of the calibration of 472 NRG # 40 anemometers has been reported in [6], the results of which include the following proposed consensus transfer function for this model of anemometer:
从提供给GH的数据来看，我们无法得知现场两座测风塔上的风速计是否已分别进行过校准。我们在[6]中记录了对472 NGR # 40风速计的校准研究，研究结果包括了这种风速计的如下统一的传递函数：
Recorded wind speed [m/s] = 0.765 x Data frequency [Hz] + 0.35 m/s
记录风速[m/s]＝0.765×数据频率[Hz]+0.35m/s
Inspection of the headers on the data recorded at Mast 1 indicates that this consensus calibration has been applied by the data logger. Therefore, no adjustments have been made to the recorded wind speeds at Mast 1 by GH.
我们对1#测风塔记录数据的标题进行了检查，检查结果表明：数据记录器已对风速数据进行了统一校准。因此，GH对1#测风塔记录的风速未做调整。
Inspection of the headers on the data recorded at Mast 2 indicates that individual calibrations have been applied by the data logger. The anemometers on Mast 2 may have been calibrated, however GH was not supplied with the calibration certificates and so has retrospectively applied the consensus calibration to these wind speed data.
我们对2#测风塔记录数据的标题进行了检查，检查结果表明：数据记录器对风速数据进行了单独校准。2#测风塔上的风速计可能已经过校准，但GH并未收到校准证明书，因此，GH对这些风速数据进行了回顾性的统一校准。
A summary of the adjustments made to wind speed data recorded at the site masts during the measurement campaign is given in Table 2.2.
表2.2总结了测量期间对现场测风塔所记录数据的一些调整。
3. SELECTION OF REFERENCE DATA
3. 参考数据的筛选
In the assessment of the wind regime and meteorological site conditions at a potential wind project site, it is desirable to correlate data recorded at the site with data recorded at a nearby long-term reference meteorological station. This allows the estimate of the long-term wind regime at the site to be representative of a longer historical period. When selecting an appropriate meteorological station for this purpose it is important that it should have good exposure and that data are consistent over the measurement period being considered.
评估某一潜在风电项目场址的风况和现场气象条件时，可取的做法是将现场记录的数据与附近气象站记录的长期参考数据联系起来进行评估。这样，就可以对估计现场的长期风况，并将估计结果作为更长一段历史时期内的代表性风况。为了比较数据，必须选择合适的气象站。选择时，有两点很重要：第一，气象站应具有良好的朝向，第二，测量期内的数据是连续的。
GH has sourced freely available daily mean and maximum wind speed data from the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Stations from the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database for the period from January 1994 to October 2009.
GH从美国国家海洋与气象管理局（NOAA）的数据库中，免费获得了张家口气象站自1994年1月至2009年10月的日平均风速数据和最大风速数据。
NOAA provides daily data for over 8,000 stations from over 180 countries worldwide. The data available online starts from 1994 until present (subject to availability of station data) and is updated on a weekly basis. The internal quality checking performed on the NOAA data cannot be verified and may result in data that is not 100 % accurate. The accuracy of NOAA data is, however, considered to be sufficient for comparison purposes or use in early feasibility studies where no alternative data is available. It is noted that no wind direction data is provided in the NOAA data set.
NOAA每天为全球180多个国家的8000多个气象站提供数据。从1994年开始一直到现在，NOAA的数据都可以在线获取（但受限于气象站数据的可用性），并且每周更新。我们无法核实对NOAA数据进行的内部质量检查，所以，数据可能不是100%的精确。但是，若无可用的替代数据，那么我们认为使用NOAA的数据，足以完成比较或用于早期的可行性研究。需注意的是NOAA的数据集中没有风向数据。
The Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station is located approximately 50 km southeast of the Shangyi Project site. GH was unable to inspect the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station during the site visit and no further information regarding this station and its history has been obtained. GH is therefore unable to verify the consistent operation of the station and thus the use of this station in any analysis is limited and requires careful consideration. A check on the data consistency using a rolling average of annual wind speeds for the 16 year period shows a step change from June 2003 onwards which is likely due to the data recording methodology at the station changing from manual to automatic. Following this change there are no clear inconsistencies observed in the annual averages which shows reasonable fluctuation and therefore the station has been used to compare the windiness of the two separate measurement periods at Mast 1 and Mast 2.
张家口气象站位于尚义风电项目场址东南大约50千米处。实地考察期间，GH未能检查张家口气象站，所以未获得更多关于该气象站及其历史的资料。GH因而无法核实该气象站是否连续运行，所以在任何分析中均限制使用该气象站的数据。即使使用，也要求使用者谨慎考虑。我们采用年移动平均风速对过去16年中的数据一致性进行了查对，结果发现，从2003年六月开始，数据出现了明显的飞跃性变化，这可能是由于该气象站的数据记录方法由手动更为自动的缘故。出现此次变化之后，年平均值再未出现明显的不一致之处，而是呈现出合理的波动状态。所以，我们使用该气象站，比较1#测风塔和2#测风塔在两个单独的测量期内的风力情况。
It is also noted that the daily wind speed data available at NOAA stations do not provide sufficient measurement resolution to reliably predict extreme wind speed and therefore even an indicative extreme wind speed analysis has not been possible. It is therefore recommended that 10-minute averaged or hourly wind speed and direction data from the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station are supplied from June 2003 onwards to allow an extreme wind speed analysis to be performed.
还需要注意的是NOAA气象站每天的风速数据并未提供充分的测量解析，以可靠地预测极端风速。所以，即使是指示性的极端风速分析也无法实现。因此，我们建议提供张家口气象站自2003年六月至今每10分钟或每小时的平均风速和风向数据，以便进行极端风速分析。
A summary of the measurements considered from this station is provided in Table 2.2, and its location relative to the site is shown in Figure 2.1.
表2.2总结了该气象站被采用的测量数据，而图2.1显示了该气象站与风电场的相对位置。
4. WIND DATA
4. 风况数据
The data sets which have been used in the analysis described in the following sections are summarized in Table 2.1.
表2.1总结了下文分析章节中使用的数据集。
4.1 Wind data recorded at the site
4.1 现场记录的风况数据
Mast 1:
1#测风塔：
The wind data have been subject to a quality checking procedure by GH to identify records which were affected by equipment malfunction and other anomalies. The check of Mast 1 data revealed 53 hours and 78 hours where wind speed and direction data respectively were missing or suspect at the primary instruments. These records were excluded from the analysis. The main periods for which valid wind data were not available are summarised below, together with details of the errors identified:
风况数据均必须采用GH的质量检查程序检查质量，以找到受设备故障或其它异常情况影响的数据记录。1#测风塔的数据质量检查显示：风速数据和风向数据在原始仪器中出现丢失或可疑状态的时间分别为53小时和78小时。我们的分析不包括这些记录。有效的风况数据不可用的几大时期，以及识别出的错误细节总结如下：
8 Sep 2006: Suspect data, 40 m anemometer;
2006年9月8日，可疑数据，40米 风速计；
22 Oct 2006 to 23 Oct 2006: Missing data, all instruments;
2006年10月22日至2006年10月23日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
26 Nov 2006: Erroneous data removed due to malfunctioning anemometers at all heights.
2006年11月26日：由于所有高度的风速计出现故障，错误数据被删除。
A small directional offset has been observed in correlations which were conducted between the two wind vanes at Mast 1. Without any concurrent wind direction data from a nearby reference or from on-site observations, GH considers the most reliable approach is to assume the wind vanes have equal and opposite offsets on each side of the magnetic north implying the corrective offsets as detailed in Table 2.2.
对1#测风塔的两个风向标进行对比时，我们观测到微小的方向偏移。在邻近参考点或现场观测没有任何同期风向数据的情况下，GH认为最可靠的方法是假定风向标在地磁北极两侧出现了反向等值的偏移，表明这属于纠正性偏移（详见表2.2）。
It is also noted that the pressure sensor recorded erroneous data for most of the measurement period.
还需注意的是在大多数测量期内，气压传感器记录的都是错误数据。
The duration, basic statistics and data coverage for the Mast 1 data are summarised in Table 4.1.
表4.1对1#测风塔数据的持续时间、基本统计数据以及数据覆盖率进行了总结。
Mast 2:
2#测风塔
The wind data have been subject to a quality checking procedure by GH to identify records which were affected by equipment malfunction and other anomalies. The check of Mast 2 data revealed 18 days, 11 days and 15 days where wind speed at each anemometer at 65 m and direction data at the 65 m wind vane respectively were missing or suspect. These records were excluded from the analysis. The main periods for which valid wind data were not available are summarised below, together with details of the errors identified:
风况数据均必须采用GH的质量检查程序检查质量，以找到受设备故障或其它异常情况影响的数据记录。2#测风塔的数据质量检查显示：65米处的两台风速计的风速数据和65米处的风向标的风向数据出现丢失或可疑状态的时间分别为18天、11天和15天。我们的分析不包括这些记录。有效的风况数据不可用的几大时期，以及识别出的错误细节总结如下：
24 Feb 2008 to 25 Feb 2008: Missing data, all instruments;
2008年2月24日至2008年2月25日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
21 Apr 2008 to 23 Apr 2008: Missing data, all instruments;
2008年4月21日至2008年4月23日：丢失数据，所有仪器；
9 Aug 2008 to 11 Aug 2008: Erroneous data removed due to malfunctioning anemometers at 65 m.
2008年8月9日至2008年8月11日：由于65米处的风速计出现故障，错误数据被删除；
18 Aug 2008 and 21 Aug 2008: Erroneous data at one malfunctioning anemometer at 65 m.
2008年8月18日至2008年8月21日：65米处的一个风速计出现故障，出现错误数据；
19 Aug 2008 to 20 Aug 2008: Missing data, all instruments.
2008年8月19日至2008年8月20日：丢失数据，所有仪器
19 Dec 2008: Missing data, all instruments.
2008年12月19日：丢失数据，所有仪器。
A small offset has been observed in correlations which were conducted between the two wind vanes at Mast 2. Without any concurrent wind direction data from a nearby reference and with on-site observations which are not conclusive, GH considers it most reliable to assume the wind vanes have equal and opposite offsets on each side of the magnetic north implying the corrective offsets as detailed in Table 2.2.
对2#测风塔的两个风向标进行对比时，我们观测到微小的方向偏移。在邻近参考点同期风向数据，并且现场观测数据未确定的情况下，GH认为最可靠的方法是假定风向标在地磁北极两侧出现了反向等值的偏移，表明这属于纠正性偏移（详见表2.2）。
The details of the commissioning dates have been provided by Longyuan for the Acciona AW 1500 77 and United Power UP 77 wind turbines operating at the site [7] and are shown in Table 4.2. Give that the closest turbine to Mast 2, Turbine 29, is located approximately 300 m to the west, it is clear that this and other nearby turbines have influenced the wind flow measurements made at Mast 2.
对于场地[7]运行的安迅能AW 1500 77 和联合动力UP 77风机的具体调试日期，龙源已经给出，并显示在表4.2中。由于离2#测风塔最近的29#风机位于测风塔西侧约300米的位置，很显然29#风机及其他附近风机影响了2#测风塔所测的气流数据。
GH has undertaken investigations to estimate the influence of the wake effect that these operating turbines had on the measurements recorded at Mast 2. These investigations indicate that the surrounding turbines exert a significant influence on the wind measurements recorded at the mast.
GH 已开展了调查，以期对上述风机的伴流效应对2#测风塔所记录的数据的影响进行估计。调查表明，周围风机对测风塔所记录的数据影响很大。
Given the limited amount of historical data available at the site, GH considers that the most reliable estimate of the wind regime is obtained retaining the data recorded at Mast 2 after applying a wind speed correction to the data to correct for the expected wake effects from the neighbouring turbines.Whilst there is a large uncertainty in the corrections applied, GH believes that the corrected data is more representative of the expected wind regime at the site than by using only wind data from Mast 1.
由于现场可用的历史资料有限，GH认为，对数据进行风速调整，纠正附近风机的预期伴流影响，然后保留2#测风塔的数据，可实现最可靠的风况估计。但是所做的纠正也存在着很大的不确定性，GH认为，现场预计风况的纠正数据比仅使用1#测风塔所得风况数据更具代表性。
The duration, basic statistics and data coverage for the Mast 2 data are summarised in Table 4.3.
表4.3对2#测风塔数据的持续时间、基本统计数据以及数据覆盖率进行了总结。
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIND FARM
5 风电场介绍
5.1 The wind turbine
5.1 风机
The wind turbine model operating at the ShangYi Wind Farm.which is the subject of this study is the Acciona AW-77 with a hub height of 60 m. There are also 17 United Power UP-77 with a hub height of 65 m operating at the site.
尚义风电场使用的风机型是安迅能AW-77型风机，它是本次研究的研究对象，其轮毂高度为60米。现场还有17台联合动力UP-77风机，其轮毂高度为65米。
The power and thrust curves of the Acciona AW-77 used in this analysis have been supplied by JA [8] and are for the air density of 1.03 kg/m3 and turbulence intensity of 10 %. The power and thrust curves of the UP-77 has been sourced independently by GH from the turbine manufacturer and are for the air density of 1.225 kg/m3 and unspecified turbulence intensity.
本次分析中使用的安迅能AW-77风机的功率曲线和推力曲线由JA[8]提供，规定的空气密度为1.03kg/m3，紊流强度为10%。UP-77风机的功率曲线和推力曲线由其制造商单独向GH提供，规定的空气密度为1225kg/m3 ，紊流强度未作规定。
From data provided by JA [8] it is know that the Acciona AW-77 MW turbine installed at the site is certified as an IEC Class IIA machine according to Edition 2 of the IEC standard .
根据IEC标准第二版的规定，按照JA[8]提供的数据，现场安装的安迅能AW-77 MW风机应属IEC IIA类机器。
5.2 Wind farm layout
5.2 风电场的布局
Longyuan has supplied two slightly different layouts for the wind farm [9，10] which features 33 AW-77 turbines and 17 surrounding UP-77 turbines. Based on Satellite imagery dated April 2008 which shows the actual turbines and comparison with GPS readings taken during the GH site visit it has been concluded that the as-built turbine layout supplied in the form of a Google Earth file [9] provides the most up to date coordinates and has therefore been used in this analysis. A map of the site showing the turbine locations according to this turbine layout is presented in Figure 2.2 with the grid co-ordinates of the turbines given in Table 5.1.
龙源提供了两种略有不同的风电场布局图[8，9]，风电场的特征为17台UP-77风机围绕着33台AW-77风机布置。根据2008年4月份实际风机的卫星图像，并与GH实地考察时获得的GPS读数进行比较，我们得出结论：以Google Earth文件[8]形式提供的风机竣工布局图使用了最新的坐标系，并因此被用于本次分析。图2.2 是根据该风机布局图制作的现场风机安装点地图，而表5.1则给出了风机的网格坐标。
It is noted that the alternative turbine layout provided by Longyuan [10] is very similar to the layout selected by GH. The average difference between the two sets of turbine locations is only 6 m and no turbine is more than 10 m different in either layout. Such small differences are considered within the typical error range or commercial GPS equipment.
需要注意的是龙源[9]提供的备选风机布局图与GH选定的布局图非常接近。两幅布局图中的风机安装点的平均误差为6米，最大误差不超过10米。我们认为如此小的误差完全在商用GPS设备的标准误差范围内。
Minimum turbine spacings for the existing layout are 2.7 and 2.9 rotor diameters between Turbines A2.1 and A2.2 and between Turbines A5.1 and A5.2, respectively in the northwesterly prevailing wind direction. There are other instances over the site with low separations in other significant direction sectors such as 2.6 rotor diameters between Turbines A5.4 and A5.5 in the southwesterly direction and 2.9 rotor diameters between Turbine A6.6 and the UPC turbine A8.3 in the westerly direction. The resulting increase in turbulence levels associated with these close spacings has the potential to increase fatigue loads. It is recommended that the turbine spacing is carefully considered and that sufficient warranty provisions are in place to cover this issue.
现有布局的最小风机间隔分别为2.7倍和2.9倍的风轮直径，它们分别是位于西北盛行风向的A2.1与A2.2风机以及A5.1与A5.2风机之间的间隔。现场的其它主要风向区还有一些风机间隔，比如：西南风向A5.4与A5.5风机之间的间隔为2.6倍风轮直径，而西风向A6.6与UPC A8.3风机之间的间隔为2.9倍风轮直径。这些很小的风机间隔会导致与它们相关的紊流水平提高，从而有可能会增加疲劳负载。我们建议需谨慎考虑风机间隔，并针对这一问题制定充分的保证条款。
At such separations, GH considers that a wind sector management strategy will likely be required in order to reduce the fatigue loading for some turbines in certain wind direction sectors. At the time of writing, no details of any wind sector management strategy have been supplied and therefore GH has not included such strategy in his anaylsis. It is recommended that the report be amended to include any such wind sector management strategies once details become available.
在这种间隔条件下，GH认为很可能需要制定风向区域管理战略，以便减少特定风向区某些风机的疲劳负载。起草本文件时，GH还未收到任何关于风向区管理战略的详细内容，故GH并未将此战略囊括入本分析。关于风向区管理战略的详细内容制定出来后，我们建议修改报告，将相关内容纳入其中。
6. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
6. 分析方法及分析结果
6.1 Wind Analysis
6.1 风况分析
The analysis of the wind regime at Mast 1 and Mast 2 involved several steps, which are summarized below:
在1#测风塔和2#测风塔进行的风况分析包括几个步骤，总结如下：
Missing wind speed data at Mast 1 at 40 m and direction data at 22 m were synthesised from wind speed data at Mast 1 at 25 m and wind direction data at Mast 1 at 8.5 m.
利用1#测风塔25米处的风速数据和1#测风塔8.5米处的风向数据，合成1#测风塔40米处丢失的风速数据和22米处的风向数据。
The annual wind speed and direction frequency distribution at Mast 1 at 40 m was derived from the combined measured and synthesised data.
结合使用实测数据和合成数据，获得1#测风塔40米处的年风速和风向频率分布。
Missing wind speed and direction data at Mast 2 at 65 m were synthesised from wind speed data from the adjacent 65 m anemometer at Mast 2 and wind direction data at Mast 2 at 10 m.
利用2#测风塔65米处的风速计记录的风速数据和2#测风塔10米处的风向数据，合成2#测风塔65米处丢失的风速数据和风向数据。
Wind speed data recorded at Mast 2 at 65 m were averaged between the two 65 m anemometer.
计算出2#测风塔65米处的两个风速计记录的风速数据的平均值。
The annual wind speed and direction frequency distribution at Mast 2 at 65 m was derived from the combined measured and synthesised data.
结合使用实测数据和合成数据，获得2#测风塔65米处的年风速和风向频率分布。
Following this methodology, the annual estimated mean wind speeds at Mast 1 at 40 m and Mast 2 at 65 m are 7.8 m/s and 7.4 m/s respectively.
按照这种方法估算的1#测风塔40米处和2#测风塔65米处的年风速分别为7.8m/s和7.4m/s。
6.2 Wind speed variation across the site
6.2 整个风电场的风速差异
The variation in wind speed over the wind farm site has been predicted using the WAsP computational flow model.
我们利用WAsP计算机气流模型，对整个风电场的风速差异进行了预测。
The complexity of the terrain at the ShangYi Wind Farm requires that careful consideration be given to the wind flow modelling.
由于尚义风电场的地形复杂，所以进行气流建模时必须深思熟虑后，方可进行。
Given the above, GH has also undertaken CFD modelling across the site and used the CFD simulations to assist in establishing the pattern of wind speed variation across the site, particularly in areas of complex terrain.
由于上述原因，GH还利用CFD仿真技术对整个风电场进行了CFD建模，以帮助建立整个风电场的风速差异模型，尤其是在地形复杂的地区。
6.2.1 Wind speed boundary layer profile at Mast 1 and Mast 2
6.2.1 1#测风塔和2#测风塔的风速边界层廓线
Comparisons have been conducted at each mast between the measured wind shear exponent and the wind shear exponent predicted by the flow models. The table below summarises these comparisons which are weighted by sector frequency. The power law wind shear exponent is defined by:
我们对每个测风塔的实测风切变指数和气流模型预测的风切变指数进行了比较。下表对这些比较结果进行了总结，并通过扇区频率进行了加权计算。风切变指数的幂函数式为：
where
is power law wind shear exponent,
is the mean wind speed,
is the height above ground level, and
其中：是风切变指数的幂
是平均风速
是离地高度，并且
Significant discrepancy exists between the results derived from using the WAsP flow model and from measurements recorded at the site masts. In particular, the lack of information regarding the mast configuration at Mast 1, the suspected pre-processing of data at Mast 2, and the large distance between wind speed measurement heights at Mast 2 all contributed to the uncertainty of the measured shear value. The WAsP model on the other hand is not well suited to the type of complex terrain present at the Shanyi Wind Farm site which adds uncertainty to the modelled shear predictions.
利用WAsP气流模型获得的结果与现场测风塔记录的测量值明显不一致。尤其是1#测风塔的结构信息不足，2#测风塔可疑的数据预处理、以及2#测风塔风速测量高度之间的巨大间隔距离，均增加了实测切变值的不确定性。另一方面，WAsP并不是很适用于尚义风电场现场的复杂地形，这也增加了模型化切变预测值的不确定性。
To gain a further understanding of the vertical wind shear profile across the site GH has also performed calculations using the Meteodyn CFD flow model. In certain situations CFD modelling can more accurately capture the flow characteristics than standard WAsP modelling, particularly near areas of complex terrain. The results of the CFD modelling, which are also presented in the table above, appear to show slightly better agreement with the measured values at the mast locations than the WAsP model. Although the measured values themselves are subject to uncertainty, GH considers that such agreement provides some additional comfort in the vertical shear values derived from CFD modelling.
为了进一步了解整个现场的垂直风切变廓线，GH还利用Meteodyn CFD气流模型进行了计算。与标准的WAsP建模相比，在特定情况下，CFD建模能够更加精确地捕捉到气流的特征，尤其是在地形复杂的区域周围。CFD建模的结果（见上表）与测风塔安装点的实测值更为一致，这一点稍好于WAsP模型。尽管实测值本身也具有不准确性，但是GH认为：这种一致性为CFD建模获得垂直切变值提供了一些附加的便利。
On balance GH considers that the most reliable estimate of the vertical shear profile at the site is provided by the CFD modelling, the results of which have been used to extrapolate the wind speed from 40 m to 60 m at Mast 1 and interpolate the wind speed from 65 m to 60 m at Mast 2. By this method, the annual estimated mean wind speeds at Mast 1 and Mast 2 locations at a hub height of 60 m are 8.1 m/s and 7.3 m/s respectively. The corresponding predicted annual wind speed and directional frequency distributions at a hub height of 60 m at the location of Mast 1 and Mast 2 are presented in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 and in the form of a wind rose in Figures 6.1 and 6.2.
总之，GH认为CFD建模最可靠地预测了现场垂直切变廓线，其结果已被用于外推1#测风塔40米至60米的风速，和内推2#测风塔65米至60米的风速。当轮毂高度为60米时，利用这种方法估算的1#测风塔安装点和2#测风塔安装点的年平均风速分别为8.1m/s和7.3m/s。与此对应的1#测风塔安装点和2#测风塔安装点的预测年风速和风向频率分布（轮毂高度为60米），请见表6.1和表6.2以及图6.1和图6.2中的风玫瑰图。
It is observed that the wind rose at Mast 1 has a predominance of wind from the northwest and west with a significant proportion also from the southeast. The wind rose at Mast 2 shows a similar distribution with a stronger component of winds from the south. It should be emphasised that since these wind roses are only based on approximately one year of data there remains significant uncertainty associated with the assumption that they are representative of the long-term conditions at the site.
根据观测，1#测风塔风玫瑰图的主导风向为西北风和西风，以及还有相当比例的东南风。2#测风塔的风玫瑰图显示出的主导风向分布与此相似，且具有更强的南风。应当强调的一点是由于这些风玫瑰图仅仅是以大约一年的数据为基础的，所以讲它们作为长期气象条件代表的假设仍有很大的不确定性。
6.2.2 Wind flow modelling across the site
6.2.2整个现场的气流建模
The variation in wind speed over the site has been predicted using both the WAsP and Meteodyn CFD computational flow models initiated from Mast 1 and Mast 2.
我们已从1#测风塔和2#测风塔开始，利用WAsP和Meteodyn CFD这两种计算机气流模型，对整个现场的风速差异进行了预测。
The digital terrain map, which is a crucial input to the wind flow modelling, has been supplied by Longyuan. However, the supplied map does not extend 10 km fully in all directions from the site. GH has therefore combined the digital terrain map supplied by Longyuan with additional map data sourced by GH from the Satellite Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) database, in order to reliably model the wind flow across the site area. The horizontal resolution of this SRTM topographic data is not high and it is recommended that a high-resolution digital terrain map that extends 10 km in all directions from the site be supplied in any future analysis.
数字化地形图是气流建模的一个关键输入值，由龙源提供。但是，该地图并未以现场为中心全方位向外延伸10千米。因此，GH将龙源提供的数字化地形图与GH从卫星雷达地形测绘任务（SRTM）获得的补充地图数据结合起来，以便为整个现场区域的气流建立可靠的模型。该SRTM地形数据的水平分辨率并不高，因此我们建议在未来的分析中提供分辨率高，且以现场为中心全方位向外延伸10千米的数字化地形图。
In order to enable a like-for-like comparison, and as a basis for evaluating the performance of the WAsP and CFD models across the site, GH has predicted the annual mean wind speeds at each of the site masts using monthly correlations with the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station. Although subject to significant uncertainty this correlation provides some indication of the wind speeds at each mast over a comparable period. In Table 6.3 the wind speed at Mast 1 predicted from measurements and correlation with the Zhangjiakou Meteorological Station is compared with the WAsP and CFD wind speeds predicted from Mast 2. WAsP and CFD wind flow models between the two site masts show good agreement with only small discrepancies wind wind speed. Although the wind flow models are performing reasonably well,, challenges remain for predicting the wind flow in complex terrain for turbine locations significantly further from the site masts. It is also noted that the monthly correlations described above have considerable uncertainty and reply upon the use of the Zhangjiakou meteorological station. . The severe limitations of this dataset as discussed in Section 3 should be noted, thus limiting the representativeness of the comparison of the measurements and the wind flow model predictions.
为了实现同等状态下的比较，并作为评估整个现场WAsP模型和CFD模型性能的一个基础，GH利用张家口气象站的每月相关数据，预测了现场每个测风塔的年平均风速。尽管这些相关数据具有很大的不确定性，但它们在一个可比较的时期内，还是提供了每座测风塔的一些风速指示。在表6.3中，根据实测值和张家口气象站的相关数据预测的1#测风塔风速，与WAsP和CFD模型预测的2#测风塔风速进行了比较。两个现场的WAsP 和 CFD 模型结果基本一致，仅风速有些许差异。尽管气流模型的表现相当不错，但是在离现场测风塔更远的风机安装点，由于地形复杂，所以预测气流时仍有很多问题。需要注意的是上述每月相关数据具有很大的不确定性，而且依赖于张家口气象站，应注意第三章中所述的这种数据集的严重局限性，因此也限制了测量值比较结果的代表性，以及气流模型的预测值。
The wind farm is located within complex terrain which includes areas of steep slopes. The presence of steep slopes can cause localised separation of the flow. In regions of separated flow it is known that the accuracy of wind flow modelling is poor due to the formation of a separation bubble which reduces the effective slope, as described by Cook [11].
尚义风电场位于一个地形复杂的区域，区域内有很多陡坡。陡坡会导致气流被局部分隔。众所周知，在气流被分隔的区域，由于形成了可以减小有效坡度的分隔气泡，所以气流建模的精确性就很差，如Cook[11]所述。
For turbine locations with slopes significantly in ex
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