Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Gene expression

The process of producing a protein from its DNA- and mRNA-coding sequences.

ინგლისური

The exchange of genes between different but (usually) related populations.

ინგლისური

The percentage of a given allele in a population of organisms

ინგლისური

The addition of one or more copies of a normal gene into a defective chromosome.

ინგლისური

The hereditary association of genes located on the same chromosome.

ინგლისური

Gene modification

The chemical repair of a gene\'s defective DNA sequence

ინგლისური

The totality of all alleles of all genes of all individuals in a particular population.

ინგლისური

Combining genes from different organisms into one organism

ინგლისური

Gene translocation

The movement of a gene fragment from one chromosomal location to another, which often alters or abolishes expression.

ინგლისური

Genetic assimilation

Eventual extinction of a natural species as massive pollen flow occurs from another related species and the older crop becomes more like the new crop

ინგლისური

The three-letter code that translates nucleic acid sequence into protein sequence

ინგლისური

Genetic disease

A disease that has its origin in changes to the genetic material, DNA

ინგლისური

Random variation in gene frequency from one generation to another.

ინგლისური

Genetic engineering

The manipulation of an organism\'s genetic endowment by introducing or eliminating specific genes through modern molecular biology techniques

ინგლისური

Genetic linkage map

A linear map of the relative positions of genes along a chromosome

ინგლისური

A gene or group of genes used to \"mark\" or track the action of microbes.

ინგლისური

The genetic complement contained in the chromosomes of a given organism, usually the haploid chromosome state.

ინგლისური

Genomic library

A library composed of fragments of genomic DNA

ინგლისური

The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait

ინგლისური

A category including closely related species

ინგლისური

Genetically engineered organism.

ინგლისური

Reproductive cell

ინგლისური

Germ cell (germ line) gene therapy

The repair or re- placement of a defective gene within the gamete-forming tissues, which produces a heritable change in an organism\'s genetic constit

ინგლისური

Genetically modified organism.

ინგლისური

Green revolution

Advances in genetics, petrochemicals, and machinery that culminated in a dramatic increase in crop productivity during the third quarter of the 20th c

ინგლისური

See Growth phase.

ინგლისური

A serum protein that stimulates cell division when it binds to its cell-surface receptor.

ინგლისური

Growth phase (curve)

The characteristic periods in the growth of a bacterial culture, as indicated by the shape of a graph of viable cell number versus time

ინგლისური

A cell containing only one set, or half the usual (diploid) number, of chromosomes.

ინგლისური

An X-linked recessive genetic disease, caused by a mutation in the gene for clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B),

ინგლისური

Any substance that is toxic to plants; usually used to kill specific unwanted plants.

ინგლისური

Heterochromatin

Dark-stained regions of chromosomes thought to be for the most part genetically inactive.

ინგლისური

A double-stranded DNA molecule or DNA-RNA hybrid, where each strand is of a different origin.

ინგლისური

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

The name originally given to large RNA molecules found in the nucleus, which are now known to be unedited mRNA transcripts, or pre-mRNAs

ინგლისური

See Human growth hormone.

ინგლისური

See Heterogeneous nuclear RNA.

ინგლისური

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same linear arrangement of genes--a pair of matching chromosomes in a diploid organism

ინგლისური

Homologous recombination

The exchange of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes (during crossing over) at the site of identical nucleotide

ინგლისური

An organism whose genotype is characterized by two identical alleles of a gene

ინგლისური

An organism that contains another organism

ინგლისური

Human Genome Project

A project coordinated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the entire nucleotide sequence of the

ინგლისური

Human growth hormone (HGH, somatotrophin)

A protein produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins, which stimulate growth of bone and muscle.

ინგლისური

The offspring of two parents differing in at least one genetic characteristic (trait)

ინგლისური

The hydrogen bonding of complementary DNA and/or RNA sequences to form a duplex molecule

ინგლისური

A hybrid cell, composed of a B Iymphocyte fused to a tumor cell, which grows indefinitely in tissue culture and is selected for the secretion of a spe

ინგლისური

A relatively weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshar

ინგლისური

A reaction in which a molecule of water is added at the site of cleavage of a molecule to two products.

ინგლისური

Immortalizing oncogene

A gene that upon transfection enables a primary cell to grow indefinitely in culture

ინგლისური

Refers to performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues.

ინგლისური

Refers to biological processes that take place within a living organism or cell.

ინგლისური

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