Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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A form taken by certain microbes that enables them to exist in a dormant stage

ინგლისური

Stationary phase

The plateau of the growth curve after log growth, during which cell number remains constant

ინგლისური

A protruding, single-stranded nucleotide se- quence produced when a restriction endonuclease cleaves off center in its recognition sequence.

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See Termination codon.

ინგლისური

Reaction conditions--notably temperature, salt, and pH--that dictate the annealing of single-stranded DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, and RNA/RNA hybrids

ინგლისური

Stringent plasmid

A plasmid that only replicates along with the main bacterial chromosome and is present as a single copy, or at most several copies, per cell

ინგლისური

Structure-functionalism

The scientific tradition that stresses the relationship between a physical structure and its function, for example, the related disciplines of anatomy

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See Sequence-tagged site.

ინგლისური

The process of tranferring a cloned DNA fragment from one vector to another

ინგლისური

Subunit vaccine

A vaccine composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the virulent organism

ინგლისური

Supercoiled plasmid

The predominant in vivo form of plasmid, in which the plasmid is coiled around histone-like proteins

ინგლისური

A group of neighboring genes on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together and sometimes are functionally related.

ინგლისური

The soluble liquid &action of a sample after centrifugation or precipitation of insoluble solids.

ინგლისური

The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where both receive an advantage from the association

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The pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division, when crossing over occurs.

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T-DNA (transfer DNA, tumor-DNA)

The transforming region of DNA in the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

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A heat-stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus, used in PCR

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An adenine- and thymine-rich promoter sequence located 25-30 bp upstream of a gene, which is the binding site of RNA polymerase.

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The end of a chromosome.

ინგლისური

An RNA or single-stranded DNA molecule upon which a complementary nucleotide strand is synthesized.

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Termination codon

Any of three mRNA sequences (UGA, UAG, UAA) that do not code for an amino acid and thus signal the end of protein synthesis

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Terminator region

A DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription.

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An antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis in prokaryotes.

ინგლისური

Thymidine kinase (tk)

An enzyme that allows a cell to utilize an alternate metabolic pathway for incorporating thymidine into DNA

ინგლისური

Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid

A giant plasmid of Agrobac- terium tumefaciens that is responsible for tumor formation in infected plants

ინგლისური

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

See Environmental Protection Agency.

ინგლისური

ინგლისური

Transcapsidation

The partial of full coating of the nucleic acid of one virus with a coat protein of a differing virus

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The process of creating a complementary RNA copy of DNA.

ინგლისური

Transducing phage

See Transduction.

ინგლისური

The transfer of DNA sequences from one bacterium to another via lysogenic infection by a bacteriophage (transducing phage).

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The uptake and expression of a foreign DNA sequence by cultured eukaryotic cells.

ინგლისური

ინგლისური

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

ინგლისური

In prokaryotes, a cell that has been ge- netically altered through the uptake of foreign DNA

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In prokaryotes, the natural or induced uptake and expression of a foreign DNA sequence--typically a recombinant plasmid in experimental systems

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Transformation efficiency

The number of bacterial cells that uptake and express plasmid DNA divided by the mass of plasmid used (in transformants/microgram)

ინგლისური

Transforming oncogene

A gene that upon transfection converts a previously immortalized cell to the malignant phenotype

ინგლისური

See Transgenic.

ინგლისური

An organism in which a foreign DNA gene (a transgene) is incorporated into its genome early in de- velopment

ინგლისური

Transgenic animal

Genetically enginnered animal or offspring of genetically engineered animals

ინგლისური

Transgenic plant

Genetically engineered plant or offspring of genetically engineered plants

ინგლისური

Transition-state intermediate

In a chemical reaction, an unstable and high-energy configuration assumed by reactants on the way to making products

ინგლისური

The process of converting the genetic infor- mation of an mRNA on ribosomes into a polypeptide

ინგლისური

The movement or reciprocal exchange of large-chromosomal segments, typically between two different chromosomes.

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Transposable genetic element

See Transposon.

ინგლისური

The movement of a DNA segment within the genome of an organism.

ინგლისური

Transposon (transposable, or movable genetic element)

A relatively small DNA segment that has the ability to move from one chromosomal position to another.

ინგლისური

tRNA (transfer RNA)

The class of small RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

ინგლისური

A proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of the amino acids arginine and lysine.

ინგლისური

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473AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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