Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Outside (nonliving) factors which can cause harmful effects to plants, such as soil conditions, drought, extreme temperatures.

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See Catalytic antibody.

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Adaptive radiation

The evolution of new species or sub- species to fill unoccupied ecological niches.

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A microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen

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Agarose gel electrophoresis

A matrix composed of a highly purified form of agar that is used to separate larger DNA and RNA molecules ranging 20,000 nucleotides

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Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism

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Alternative mRNA splicing

The inclusion or exclusion of different exons to form different mRNA transcripts

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Any of 20 basic building blocks of proteins-- composed of a free amino (NH2) end, a free carboxyl (COOH) end, and a side group (R).

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Ampicillin (beta-lactamase)

An antibiotic derived from penicillin that prevents bacterial growth by interfering with cell wall synthesis.

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To increase the number of copies of a DNA sequence, in vivo by inserting into a cloning vector that replicates within a host cell, or in vitro by poly

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An organism that grows in the absence of oxygen

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The pairing of complementary DNA or RNA sequences, via hydrogen bonding, to form a double-stranded polynucleotide

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See Recessive oncogene.

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A class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms

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Antibiotic resistance

The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell.

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An immunoglobulin protein produced by B- lymphocytes of the immune system that binds to a specific antigen molecule

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A nucleotide base triplet in a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a complementary base triplet, or codon, in a messenger RNA molecule

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Any foreign substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or protein, that elicits an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies

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Antigenic determinant

A surface feature of a microorganism or macromolecule, such as a glycoprotein, that elicits an immune response.

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Antigenic switching

The altering of a microorganism\'s surface antigens through genetic rearrangement, to elude detection by the host\'s immune system.

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Antimicrobial agent

Any chemical or biological agent that harms the growth of microorganisms.

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A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation

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Asexual reproduction

Nonsexual means of reproduction which can include grafting and budding.

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A chromosome that is not involved in sex determination.

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A rod-shaped bacterium.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

A bacterium that kills insects; a major component of the microbial pesticide industry.

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Crossing an organism with one of its parent organisms.

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A class of antibiotics that kills bacterial cells.

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Bacteriophage (phage or phage particle)

A virus that in- fects bacteria

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A class of antibiotics that prevents growth of bacterial cells.

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A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism: a single cell organism without a distinct nucleus.

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A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule--adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine

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The normal form of DNA found in biological systems, which exists as a right-handed helix

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Ampicillin resistance gene

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Bioaugmentation

Increasing the activity of bacteria that decompose pollutants; a technique used in bioremediation.

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The wide diversity and interrelatedness of earth organisms based on genetic and environmental factors.

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Adding nutrients or oxygen to increase microbial breakdown of pollutants.

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See Microbial mats.

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Agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic stresses.

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The total dry weight of all organisms in a particular sample, population, or area.

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The use of microorganisms to remedy environmental problems

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The scientific manipulation of living organ- isms, especially at the molecular genetic level, to produce useful products

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Living organisms which can harm plants , such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria, and harmful insects

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ინგლისური

See Bacillus thuringiensis.

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See Coat protein.

ინგლისური

A substance that induces cancer.

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A malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and outer cell layers of internal organs.

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A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end

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Catalytic antibody (abzyme)

An antibody selected for its ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by binding to and stabilizing the transition state intermediate.

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473AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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